OF THE STAMENS. 57 
168 166 168 167 161 
Fig. 160. Frankenia, showing the five stamens (around the one style, which has 
three stigmas at top). 
Fig. 161, Stamen (adnate) of Morning-glory. 
fig. 162. Same, enlarged, with pollen-grains discharged: f, filament; a, anther, 
—two-lobed; c, top of connectile. 
Fig. 168. Buttercup. Fig. 164. Same, cut across. 
Fig. 165. Iris, cut across (extrorse). 
Fig. 166. Amaryllis,—versatile. Figs. 167, 168. Larkspur,—innate. 
103. But dehiscence takes place very variously. When all 
regular, it is a chink running lengthwise along the outer edge, 
as you see in this stamen of a Buttercup (Fig. 163). But 
here, in this stamen of Iris (Fig. 165), it appears on the back 
of the anther (looking towards the petals), and we say that 
the anthers are extrorse, that is, turned outwards. A term 
of opposite meaning is zntrorse, denoting that the lines of 
dehiscence turn inwards towards the pistil, or at least do not 
turn outwards. For example, the anthers of the Violet 
(Fig. 173). 
104. Moreover, other modes of dehiscence besides chinks 
are occasionally found. The anthers of Berberis, Sassafras, 
&c. (see Figs. 171, 172), open by lids hinged at the top. The 
103. When is the anther said to be extrorse? introrse? 
104. Can you distinguish the opercwar and porous dehiscence? 
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