Cape Ann 35 
hardhack, clethra, alder, and meadowsweet, 
are filled with cotton grass and sedges, and in 
these you may look for the Venus flytrap 
and the white-fringed orchis, growing side 
by side with cranberries. Here the common 
shrubs are the Cassandra and the winterberry. 
As the swamps diverge from the pastures 
and become deeper and more extensive, they 
are filled with red maples. In these pleas- 
ant shades—and what more alluring to the 
botanist than a bog—look for the pitcher- 
plant, for Bryum, Mnium, Hypnum, Sphag- 
num, and Bartramia among the mosses, and 
for Osmunda, Onoclea, Dryopteris, and As- 
plenium among the ferns. Boulders and 
ledges are thickly covered with polypods, 
while there are many parmileaceous lichens 
upon trunks and rocks and various filiform 
species in the branches. Tree trunks adorned 
with tree-mosses and lichens are peculiarly 
rich and effective in these swamps, so intricate 
are the designs, so subdued and harmonious 
the tones, placed upon backgrounds of maple 
and birchbark, beautiful in themselves. 
Where a swamp supports a growth of hem- 
locks, its general appearance corresponds, as 
if this were an architectural form with which 
all details must accord. Here in the twilight 
