74 GRAFTAGE. 



employed to aid the healing of wounds or to repair and fill 

 out broken tops. And it has been used to make infertile 

 plants fertile, by grafting in the missing sex in dioecious 

 trees, or a variety with more potent pollen, as practiced in 

 sorte of the native plums. All these uses of graftage fall 

 under three heads: i. To perpetuate a variety. 2. To in- 

 crease the ease and speed of multiplication. 3. To produce 

 some radical change in nature or habit of cion or stock. 

 Mutual Influence of Stock and Cion. — The first two divi- 

 sions in the above paragraph need no elaboration here, but 

 the third is moot ground, and demands subdivision. These 

 secondary results of grafting, as they may be called, or 

 reciprocal influences of stock and cion, fall readily under 

 the following heads (which were outlined by the writer in 

 Garden and Forest for February 26, 1890): 



1. Graftage may modify the stature of the plant. It is 

 the commonest means of dwarfing plants. We graft the 

 pear upon the quince and the apple upon the Paradise 

 apple. This dwarfing usually augments proportionate fruit- 

 fulness. (For further discussion of dwarfing, see page 147. ) 



2. Graftage may be made the means of adapting plants 

 to adverse soils. Illustrations are numerous. Many varie- 

 ties of plums, when worked on the peach, thrive in light 

 soils, where plums on their own roots are uncertain. Con- 

 versely, some peaches can be adapted to heavy soils by 

 working on the plum. If dwarf pears are desired on light 

 soils, where the quince does not thrive, recourse is had to 

 grafting on the mountain ash, or some of its allies. In some 

 chalky districts of England the peach is worked on the 

 almond. Some plums can be grown on uncongenial loose 

 soils by working them on the Beach plum. Professor Budd 

 states, in Garden and Forest for February 12, 1890, that the 

 Gros Pomier apple is particularly adapted to sandy land 

 and the Tetofsky to low prairie land, and that these stocks 

 are often selected to overcome adversities of soil. Such 

 instances are frequent, and should demand greater attention 

 from cultivators. 



