24 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 



constantly cropping out. In the majority of these songs the verse part is two 

 phrases long, the refrain one, but there is an example, the last, in which the 

 verse part is only one phrase long and the refrain four. Two of the songs are 

 fusions of two shorter tunes. In the first, which is No. 3, the second song is 

 nearly the same in structure as the first, but in the other. No. 7, the second tune 

 is quite irregular and begins with a prelude, in effect, if not in actuality. 



To a third division of these songs without preludes belongs a song which also 

 has a two-part verse but each part is different in melody and these parts are 

 consistently carried through the various verses. The verse parts are each two 

 phrases long. The refrain which separates the parts as well as the verses is the 

 same throughout. See No. 9. 



Still another two-part verse form has a different refrain for each part. 

 The example is No. 10. 



A three-part verse form with the same refrain for all parts is No. 11, and 

 several songs with three-part verse forms but different refrains for the parts are 

 illustrated by Nos. 12 to 14 inclusive. These complete ihe songs which have no 

 preludes of any sort. 



At this point, if it is desired, the reader may turn to the songs just discussed 

 and study the music, together with the analyses which follow each song and the 

 general comments concerning it. For the sake of clarity in the general dis- 

 cussion it seenas better not io insert the material here, for the individual com- 

 ments carry the reader far afield, to say nothing of the tunes with their fre- 

 quently charming melodies. The songs and their individual analyses and 

 comments seem to belong in a section by themselves. 



Suh Group 2. Syllabic hut not Musical Prelude 



A second fairly large group of pisiks are those in which the first verse and 

 refrain are sung to a prelude of burden syllables. This prelude, the collector 

 states, is merely a "trying over" of the song before launching into the real verses. 

 Singers often do this when they wish to make sure that they have the correct 

 tune, and burden or nonsense syllables are resorted to for this purpose as they 

 are when the singer forgets, or in refrains. Since the refrains are practically 

 always sung to burden syllables, however, and the refrain usually forms part of 

 the prelude, it seemed better to class these songs by themselves, although, 

 except for the minor differences that are always encountered between verses, 

 there is, musically, no essential difference between the "prelude" and the verses 

 which follow. Nos. 15 to 20 inclusive are the first sub-group of these "prelude" 

 forms. The verses in these are all single. In the first example there is no refrain, 

 either in the prelude or the verses which are two phrases in length. The verses 

 are joined, however, by the connectives, and the song is otherwise regular. In 

 No. 16 the second phrase is the refrain. In No. 17 the refrain has two phrases, 

 the verse but one. In No. 18 the verse has two phrases and the refrain only 

 one. No. 19 is like 16 in structure, No. 20 like 18, and No. 21 like 16, but these 

 three last songs are similar melodically and are therefore grouped together. 

 No. 21, however, is a three-part verse form, the analysis of which is interesting 

 and will repay study. The prelude and refrain are like the first of the three 

 verse parts. In No. 22 we have a two-part verse form and the prelude and 

 refrain are the same musically as the first part of the verses. In No. 23 the 

 prelude is like the second verse of the song as it has been given in the text. 

 Possibly it should be called Verse 1, part 1, and what is given as the first verse 

 would then become Verse 1, part 2. In the majority of the songs which have 

 subdivided verses the parts are alike or they correspond in the different verses. 

 In this case the second verse would become the first part and would then corres- 

 pond with the first part of the first verse. But there is the one objection, that 

 the first part of the first verse has no words, which could only be met by the 



