CHAP. VI.] DEEP-SEA DREDQING. 269 



observations of Sir John Ross in 1818, of Sir 

 James Ross in 1840, and of Mr. Harry Goodsir 

 in 1845. In the year 1844 Professor Lov^n con- 

 tributed a paper, " on the bathymetrical distribu- 

 tion of submarine life on the northern shores of 

 Scandinavia," to the British Association. He says, 

 " With us the region of deep-sea corals is character- 

 ized in the south by Oculina ramea and Terebratula, 

 and in the north by Astrophyton, Cidaris, Spatangus 

 purpureus of an immense size, all living; besides Gor- 

 gonice and the gigantic Alcyonium arbor eum, which 

 continues as far down as any fisherman's line can be 

 sunk. As to the point where animal life ceases, it 

 must be somewhere, but with us it is unknown." ^ 



In 1863 the same naturalist, referring to the 

 result of the Swedish Spitzbergen expedition of 

 1861, when moUusca, Crustacea, and hydrozoa were 

 brought up from a depth of 1,400 fathoms, expresses 

 the remarkable opinion, which later investigations 

 appear generally to support, that at great depths, 

 wherever the bottom is suitable, " a fauna of the 

 same general character extends from pole to pole 

 through all degrees of latitude, some of the species 

 of the fauna being very widely distributed." ^ 



In 1846 Keferstein mentions having seen in Stock- 

 holm a whole collection of invertebrate animals — 

 Crustacea, phascolosoma, annelids, spatangus, myrio- 

 trochus, sponges, bryozoa, rhizopoda, &c. — taken at 

 a depth of 1,400 fathoms during O. Torell's Spitz- 



1 Eeport of the Fourteenth Meeting of the British AssoGiation, held 

 at York in September 1844. (Transactions of the Sections, p. 50.) 



^ Forh. ved de Skand. Naturforskeres Mode i Stockholm, 18G3, 

 p 384. 



