THE GOAT-MOTH 67 



the sawdust which falls from their workings, by the holes 

 in the trunk and the sap which oozes from them, by the 

 empty pupa-skins sticking out from the trunk, or, in some 

 cases, by the disagreeable sour odour, rather like that of crude 

 acetic acid, which is given off by the larvae. It is on account 

 of its peculiar smell that the insect has received the name 

 of goat-moth. The full-fed larva makes its way to the surface 

 of the tree-trunk, and there pupates about midsummer, 

 within a cocoon of sawdust lightly spun together. The 

 cocoon is placed close to the outlet of the 

 gallery, so as to facilitate the escape of the 

 moth. The pupa is of a reddish brown 

 colour ; the- fore part of its body is com- // ^V\! 

 pressed to the shape of a wedge ; on each / '/^"""''^^^ 

 of the abdominal segments is a single or / .^^^^i 

 double transverse row of pointed projections, ^\#\. ijwi 

 and the end of the body bears short spines, ^s^ 1 Wl 

 Such roughening of the skin is common in pss^^^l 

 larvae or pupae, which have to travel along ^ 

 narrow spaces. The pupal stage lasts only )""'—«''! 

 two or three weeks. When the time for y,,,,^^..., , , 



emergence comes the pupa cleaves its cocoon L }}3i 



by pressing its wedge-shaped body against it, Vvwy.-ar 

 and moves onwards till the wing-sheaths are fe^ 

 completely protruded from the hole. The V-...'' 

 fore part of the pupa-skin then splits into >k^^^^^_. 



two, and the winged moth becomes free, the 

 empty pupa-skin being left sticking out of the 

 hole. Sometimes the larva pupates under- Fig. so.— Pupa of 

 ground in an earthen cocoon. Ly"onet!"° ' 



The damage done by the larvae of the goat- 

 moth is often not discovered until the trees are seriously injured. 

 It is easy to draw out, or at least to destroy, the caterpillars by 

 passing a wire into their holes; or a wash of soft soap and 

 petroleum may be injected with a syringe. Since the eggs 

 are always laid near the ground, it is possible to hinder the 

 moth from visiting the tree by smearing the base of the 

 trunk with a repulsive substance. A mixture of cow-dung, 

 clay, and lime, worked up with tobacco-water to the con- 

 sistence of oil-paint, may be laid on with a brush in the 

 end of June, and allowed to dry hard. The trunk should 



