AND GENERAL HORTICULTUEE. 



87 



CIO 



root is dried and ground, in whicli state it 

 closely resembles ground coffee. Tlje use of 

 Cliicory is common and undisguised, and 

 many consider a mixture preferable to pure 

 coffee, and buy tiie two, and mix to suit tlieir 

 own tastes. So great is the demand for it for 

 this purpose, that, notwithstanding its cheap- 

 ness and ease of culture, it is often adulterated 

 by roasted wheat, rye, acorns, carrots, and 

 other articles of a similar nature. The plants 

 are largely cultivated in France for their 

 leaves, which are blanched and used as a salad. 

 A large-leaved variety, called the " Witloof," 

 is much cultivated in Belgium, the plants 

 being taken up in autumn, forced and blanched 

 in a warm, dark place, and used either cooked 

 or as a salad, forming what is called by the 

 French " Barbe de Oapucin." C. Edivia is the 

 Endive, which see. 



Cicu'ta. Cowbane, Water Hemlock. The 

 ancient Latin name of the Hemlock. Nat. 

 Ord. UmbelUfercB. 



A. small genus of biennial plants, very com- 

 mon in moist waste places. C. maculata, com- 

 monly known as Spotted Cowbane, somewhat 

 resembles Sweet Cicely, and is often mistaken 

 for it. The root is an active poison in its 

 green state, but loses its virulent qualities 

 when "dried. It is a dangerous pest to the 

 farmer, the herbage often proving destructive 

 to cattle, when eaten by them, and many 

 children have lost their lives by eating the 

 roots, which they have mistaken for Cicely. 

 C. virosa, a species common throughout 

 Europe, furnished the poison given to Phoolon 

 and Socrates. 



Cienko'wskia. Named in honor of Professor L. 

 Oienkowsky, a Russian botanist. Nat. Ord. 

 Sdtcmiinem. 



O. Kirkii, the only described species, is a 

 handsome and interesting plant, a native of 

 eastern tropical Africa. Its blossoms, which 

 are exceedingly attractive, are produced on a 

 many-flowered scape, and are of a purplish- 

 rose color, with a bifid golden spot in the 

 center. It was introduced from Zanzibar in 

 1872. Syn. Kmmpferia. 



Ciliee. Somewhat stifflsh hairs, which form a 

 fringe on the margin of an organ, as those on 

 the leaf of Sempervwwm tectorum. 



Ciliate. Fringed with hairs. 



/ Cimici'fuga. Bug-bane. A genus of Ranun- 

 / cidacecB, allied to Actsea G. racemosa, Black 

 I Snake-root. The most showy and best known 



I species is common in rich woods, from 



I Maine to Wisconsin. It has tri-ternate 



1 leaves, and a stem three to eight feet high, 



\ bearing white flowers in elongated wand-like 

 V racemes. Several of the species, also, are 

 \.^ative8 of eastern Europe and Siberia. 



Cincho'na. Named after the Covmiesa of Cin- 

 chon, Vice-Queen of Peru, who was cured of a 

 fever in 1638 by this remedy. Nat. Ord. Citir 

 ehonacece. 



This genus yields the well-known Peruvian 

 bark of commerce. It requires the protection 

 of a warm green-house to preserve it in even 

 moderate vigor. It is the type of an extensive 

 and highly interesting order. 

 Cinchona'cese. A large and important order of 

 trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, now re- 

 garded as a division or sub-order of RubiacecB, 

 which see. 



OIN 



Cinera'ria. From cineres, ashes ; in reference to 

 the gray down covering the surface of the 

 leaves. Nat. Ord. ComposiloB. 



There are upward of fifty species of this 

 genus enumerated, varying in habit from the 

 dwarf herbaceous plant, not rising more than 

 half a foot, to the tall, soft-wooded, suffruti- 

 cose species with a stature of five or six feet. 

 The flowers of most of them are of a pale 

 greenish yellow, though some have white, red, 

 or purple flowers. O. amenta, introduced 

 from the Canary Islands in 1777, is the species 

 from which all the florist's varieties have 

 originated and which are among the most 

 ornamental and useful plants that can be 

 grown for green-house or conservatory deco- 

 ration. A packet of seeds of a good strain 

 will produce a great variety of colors, and as 

 the plants are of easy culture, and do not re- 

 quire much heat, they should be grown by 

 every one possessing a green-house where 

 frost is excluded during winter; the plants 

 flourishing best in a cool, rather moist atmos- 

 phere. The seeds may be sown from July 

 till September, and potted off separately in a 

 light rich soil, and are best grown in an ordi- 

 nary garden frame or cold pit, facing north, 

 till the advent of frost, when they should be 

 brought into the green-house and repotted at 

 different times, according to their size and 

 forwardness, thus insuring a succession of 

 bloom during the late winter and spring 

 months. Asthe old plants are very difficult 

 to keep over summer, and seedlings make 

 much more vigorous plants than those sum- 

 mered over, it is better to sow a succession 

 annually of a good strain, and when the plants 

 have flowered throw them away. Through- 

 out the entire existence of the plants they 

 should be guarded from drought, and the at- 

 tacks of green fly, to which they are very sub- 

 ject. Tobacco stems, cut up flne, and placed 

 among the pots on the bench, form an excel- 

 lent preventive for the latter. They should 

 also be fumigated frequently, Ijut not strongly, 

 as although the fly may not be detected at 

 first the plants may be infested beneath the 

 young leaves. AU Cinerarias are benefitted by 

 applications of manure water, from the time 

 the flower-heads are formed until they open. 

 C. MarUima, a native of the south of Europe, 

 has silvery gray foliage, downy beneath ; it 

 is much used for vases and hanging-baskets, 

 as well as in ribtion gardening, etc. 



Cinnabar. Scarlet touched with orange. 



Cinnamo'mum. Cinnamon. Derived from the 

 Arabic kinamon, oinnamtm. Nat. Ord. Lawron 

 cecB. 



A genus of evergreen trees, well known as 

 furnishing the Cinnamon of commerce. G. 

 Zeylanicum is largely cultivated in Ceylon for 

 its bark, which furnishes the best Cinnamon. 

 The bark is stripped off the branches, when it 

 rolls up into quills, the smaller of which are 

 introduced within the larger, and then dried 

 in the sun. The thinner the bark is, as a rule, 

 the finer the quality. G. Cassia furnishes 

 the Cassia bark, which is much like Cinnamon, 

 but thicker, coarser, stronger, less delicate in 

 flavor, and cheaper. It is commonly used in 

 the adulteration of Cinnamon. Both species 

 furnish what are known as Cassia buds, which 

 are something like cloves, and, like them, 

 consist of the unexpanded flower buds. 



