AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 



459 



TRA 



water may be thrown in to settle and wash in 

 the earth around the roots. Then fill in the 

 remainder and firm gently with the feet. 



SiAKiNO.^if trfees are tall and much ex- 

 posed to winds, a stake should be planted 

 with the tree, to which it should be tied in 

 such a manner as to avoid chafing. Large 

 trees may be secured by three or iour guys, 

 fastened firmly to atakfes. 



MtTLCHiNG. -^ When the tree is planted, 

 mulch it as far as the roots extend, and a 

 loot beyond, with five or six inches of rough 

 manure or litter. This is particularly neces-. 

 sary in dry ground, and is highly advanta- 

 geous both in spring and fall planting- It 

 tends greatly to prevent evaporation and to 

 teep the soil moist, even in dry weather. 



Season fob Transplanting. — ^The. advan- 

 tages of planting deciduous shrubs and trees 

 ■during autumn (say from October Ist to 

 December 1st) admit of no question. As 

 transplanting makes inevitable the cutting or 

 disruption of a large portion of the roots, 

 these cannot throw out new fibres until the 

 broken roots become callused. If this is not 

 completed beforu the spring drought comes, 

 there is much danger that the plant will 

 either die or have a struggle for life, during 

 the first summer. If planted In autumn, 

 however, the broken roots will not only have 

 time to form a callus, but, as the soil Is then 

 warm and congenial, will throw out small 

 fibres which will permanently establish the 

 tree or shrub, and enable it to start with vigor 

 in the spring. It circumstances will not per- 

 mit of planting until spring, it is better to 

 obtain deciduous trees and shrubs in the 

 auttimn, heel them carefully in a slanting 

 position, where the callus will form, and they 

 will be ready for planting as soon as the 

 ground is open in spring. Autumn planting 

 is especially necessary with Larches, Japan 

 Quince, Evergreen Thorn and other plants 

 which become excited by the first mild days 

 ■of spring, and in that condition may die by 

 transplanting. The exceptions are Magno- 

 lias, Tulip Trees, etc., in which there are cer- 

 tain structural conditions which make them 

 succeed best in spring planting. Many Ev.er- 

 . greens maybe planted to advantage during 

 September, more especially If the season is a 

 moist one, and the ground In which they are 

 planted is sufB.cientlj' near the nursery for 

 .them to escape heating or the roots d^rying 

 out in transit. 



Hekbaceous Perennials. — A large num- 

 bei; of the hardy, herbaceous perennials, it' 

 jiroperly cared for, can be transplanted with 

 "better results In the latter part of summer or 

 autumn than in the spring. All early-flower- 

 ing plants, which start into growth as soon as 

 the snow is off in spring, make their prepara- 

 tion lor this the previous autumn. The mid- 

 dle or last of August is about the proper 

 season to transplant such, so that they can 

 finish their autumnal growth when th6y are to 

 remain through the Winter. All such early 

 flowering plants as Violets, Trilliumg, Ery- 

 thronlums, Oypripediums, etc., are of this 

 class. The various varieties of L. apedosum, 

 h. Washingtonianum, L. HumboldHi, etc., we 

 find to flower better the following season if 

 transplanted early in autumn than If left until 

 tbelr growth b^d matured or until spring. 



TRE 



Tra'pa. Water Caltraps, Water Chestnut. From 

 calatrapa, an ancient insti'ument in warfare 

 with four spikes; the fruit of some of the 

 species is armed with four spikes or horns. 

 Nat. Ord. Onogracem. 



A genus of aquatic plants, natives of 

 Europe, India, China and Japan. They are 

 remarkable for the shape of their seeds, some 

 of which resemble a bullock's head and horns. 

 The seeds of all these plants abound in startih, 

 and are much used as food. Those ol T. 

 nctans, called Jesuit's Nuts at Venice, are 

 ground into flour and made into bread in 

 some .parts of Southern Europe. In Kashmir, 

 and other parts of the East, the large seeds 

 of T. bispinoaa, which are aweet and edible, 

 and known under the name of Tinghara Nuts, 

 are common food, and a large portion ot the 

 inhabitants subsist on them lor several 

 months of the year. 



Trape'lla Sinensis. This is a highly curious, 

 floating, aquatic plant, the type of a new 

 genus of anomalous structure, referred to the 

 Nat. Ord. Pedaliacem. It bears a strong re- 

 semblance to Trapa in its foliage, but there 

 the resemblance ceases. The small flowers 

 have a funnel-shaped corolla, and the narrow 

 seed-vessels are furnished with usually three 

 long, rigid, hooked appendages, something in 

 the way of the fruit of Martynia, and other 

 members of the same order. It is a native of 

 Ichang and other parts of China and Japan. 



Trapeziform. Having four sides, the opposite 

 ones not parallel. 



Trautvette'ria. A name given by some botan.- 



Ists to Cimidfuga, or Actcga palmata. 

 Traveler's Joy. A common name for Clematis 



vitalba. 

 Traveler's Tree. A name given to the Urania 



spedosa of Madagascar. 

 Treacle Mustard. Erysimumcheiranthoidea and- 



Lepidiwm, campestre. 

 Tread-softly, Spurge Nettle. See Jatropha 



urena. 

 Treasure Flower. A common name for Ga- 



eania. 

 Tree Fern. A common name lor Ferns with a 



tree-like stem, as many species of Alaophila, 



Dicksonia, Cyaihea, etc. 



Tree Mallovsr. Lavatera arborea. 

 Tree of Chastity. Vitex Agnus-eaatiis. 

 free of Heaven. See Ailantua. 

 Tree of Sadness. Nyctanthea arbor-triatia. 

 Tree of the Sun. A Japanese name for Retinoa- 

 pora obtuaa. 



Trefoil. See Trifoliwm. 

 BIrd's-foot. Lolua corniculdiua. . 

 Crimson. Trifolium incanum. 

 Yellow. Medicago lupuUna. 



Trema'ndra. Prom tremo, to tremble, and an- 

 d/roa, a male; the anthers vibrate with the 

 least movement of the air. Nat. Ord. Tre- 

 mandracecB. 



This genus consists of but two known spe- 

 cies, both small green-house shrubs, natives 

 of New Holland. They are delicate plants, 

 covered with stellate down, and have axillary 

 purple flowers. They are but rarely culti- 

 vated, except T. verticillata, which is a very 

 beautiful plant, and has long been a favorite 



