CONTENTS 



THE GENEEAL STRUCTURE OP BIRDS .... 1 



The Foot 1 



Beak 4 



Feathers 6 



Pterylosis 14 



Alimentary Canal 19 



Tongue 19 



Teeth 20 



(Esophagus 21 



Stomach 22 



Intestine .......... 23 



Caeca .... 30 



Liver 31 



Gall Bladder 33 



Pancreas .......... 33 



Cloaca 34 



Bursa Fabricii ......... 35 



REPRODUCTION AND RENAL ORGANS 36 



The Ccelom 37 



Circulatory System 48 



Heart 48 



Arterial System 52 



Venous System . i ....... 55 



Respiratory System 58 



Trachea 58 



Syrinx 60 



Lungs and Air Sacs 71 



Muscular Anatomy 75 



. Muscles of the Fore Limb 78 



* Muscles of the Hind Limb 90 



Muscles of the Neck and Trunk lO.'J 



Caudal Muscles 107 



Abdominal Muscles 108 



Hyoidean Muscles 108 



Muscles of the Head 110 



Osteology Ill 



