322 STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS 



each side is double in Ballus and Ooydromus, single in 

 Fulica. 



The following are the intestinal measurements of a series 

 of species : — 



Small Int. i Large Int. 



Inches t Inches | Inches 



Rallus aguaticus . i 15 • — . 1'5 ; 1'25 



Ocydromus sylvestris 



O. Ufresnayanus 



0. Earlei .... 



Aramides cayennensis 



Porzana Carolina 



Crex pratensis . 



Porphyria madagascariensis 



Gallinula chloropus 



Fulica atra 



F. ardesiaca 



Tribonyx Moriieri 



27 3 



42 3-5 



31 3-5 2-5 



23 1-5 1-75 

 18 1-5 2-25 > 



? 2 1 



24 i 3 2 

 39 . ■ — , 3 5 



74 ■ 14 



39 j 3 6-5 



40-5 2-75 6,6-75 



The folds of the intestine (fig. 169) are remarkably like 

 those of the cranes (fig. 158), so much so that on intestinal 

 characters only the two groups could not be separated. 



There is no crop ; the proventriculus is zonary ; the 

 stomach a ' gizzard.' The right lobe of the liver is larger 

 than the left, and the gall bladder is always present. 



The atlas is notched for the odontoid process ; it has no 

 lateral canals. The number of cervical vertebra is 15 in 

 Fulica ardesiaca, in which there are 7 complete ribs (6 in 

 Ocydromus). On the eleventh cervical (of Fulica ardesiaca) 

 the catapophyses nearly unite ; the hsemapophyses, up which 

 the catapophyses do not climb, extend as far as the second 

 dorsal. The sternum has very long lateral processes, with a 

 larger or smaller spina externa. The clavicle comes into 

 near relations with both procoracoid and scapula. In the 

 sJculP there are no basipterygoid processes, and the lacry- 

 mals (in Fulica, Ocydromus, and Aramides) do not join the 



' In Porzama notata the ceeoa are minute— -8 inch in length. Cf. Parridce 

 among Limicolse. 



" C. G. GiEBEL, ' Osteologie der gemeinen Ealle,' &o., Zeitschr. ges. Naturw. 

 V. (1855), p. 185. Shufeldt, ' Osteology of certain Cranes, Bails, and their 

 Allies,' J, Anat. Phys. 1895, p. 2 ; and ' Osteology of Poraana Carolina,' 

 Journ. Comp. Med. Surg. 1888. 



