LIMICOL^ 345 



canutus, Tringa cinclus, Numenius arquatus, Mgialitis 

 hiaticula, Limosa rufa, L. mgocephala, Machetes pugnax, 

 Strepsilas interpres, and Scolopax rusticola. But although 

 the muscles are present in the birds included in the second 

 list they do not, in all of them at least, reach as far as the 

 bronchi, though they may possibly be continued by fibrous 

 tissue to a more normal point of attachment. Thus in 

 Limosa mgocephala the muscles stop three or four rings, 

 before the end of the trachea. In Scolopax rusticola, on the 

 other hand, the rather broad intrinsic muscles reach as fa^as 

 the first bronchial semi-ring. 



The windpipe of the Indian painted snipe {Bhynchcea 

 capensis) is peculiar in that it is convoluted slightly in the 

 female, not in the male, as might be expected in view of this 

 frequent difference between the sexes in other birds. As has 

 been pointed out, the female is the larger and more richly 

 coloured of the two, a fact which is in harmony with the 

 more complicated trachea. 



This is not seen in young females. The same condition 

 is stated by Gould to characterise the Australian B. aus- 

 tralis} 



The large group of the Limicolae has been variously 

 divided. I follow Gadow in the families, but include also the 

 LaridsB, which I separate from the auks. I should define 

 the Charadriidae, to which most of the foregoing refers, as 

 schizorhinal birds, with occipital fontanelles, furrows for 

 supra-orbital glands and basipterygoid processes, and fifteen 

 cervical vertebrae. 



The family (Edicnemidse has been instituted for the genus 

 (EdicnemMs, which includes the Norfolk plover and a number 

 of other species closely allied ; these range widely, being only 

 absent from North America, Central Asia, and New Zealand. 

 The Australian (E. grallarius has been separated as a distinct 

 genus, Burhinus, which, as also (E. crepitans, instead of 

 possessing the complete muscle formula (ABXY + ), as in 



' Wood-Mason, ' On the Structure and Development of the Trachea in the 

 Indian Painted Snipe (Bhynchxa capensis),'' P. Z. S. 1878, p. 745. 



