366 STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS 



ulnar side (in Charadrius as well as Laridse) which have been 

 duly described in the foregoing pages. Nor are there any- 

 salient facts, save such as are evidently associated with loss 

 of the power of flight, which contradict such a placing. 



GRUES 



Definition.— Oil gland present and tufted; ' feathers with an aftershaft. 

 Eeotrioes, tTirelve. Aquintooubital or quintooubital.^ Ambiens, 

 semitendinosus, and accessory always present. Expanspr secun- 

 darlorum present. Cseca large.' Skull sohizognathous, schizo- 

 rhinal, without basipterygoid processes. Two carotids. 



Among the typical cranes of the family Gruidse I include 

 not only the nearly cosmopolitan Grus and the African 

 Balearica, but also the South American Aramus. 



There are no particular remarks to be made about the 

 pterylosis, which Nitzsch states to be precisely like that of 

 Psophia (see below, p. 374). 



The muscular system is fairly uniform in its characters, a8 

 will be seen from the length of the above definition. 



The tensares patagii of the dempiselle crane {G. mrgo) 

 are furnished with a muscular biceps slip, which is reinforced 

 by a tendon springing from the biceps below the origin of the 

 biceps slip. There is also the usual fibrous junction with 

 the deltoid crest of the humerus. 



From the pectoralis * springs a broad flat tendinous slip, 

 which joins the undivided tensor patagii. The tensor brevis 

 divides at once into two thin broad diffuse tendons, of which 

 the anterior sends forward a wristward slip, from whose 

 junction with extensor metacarpi a slight patagial fan pro- 

 ceeds to the longus tendon. 



I& Grus leuGogeranos the tensor brevis tendon widens out 

 shortly after crossing biceps slip into a wide diffuse band,, 

 composed of many strands, but not distinctly separable into 

 two or three tendons. There is a patagial fan. 



' Except in Mesites, Cariama, and BMnochetus. 



' BMnochetus, Cariama, Psophia. ' Not in Eurypyga. 



■" The pectoralis I. is usually stated to be single. It appeared to me to be 

 distinctly double in Grus carunculatus and in Baleariqa pavonina, especially 

 in the latter. 



