THE TONGUE AND NOSE. 513 



859 ; Chauveau (Fleming), A, 344, 813 ; Owen, A, III, 190 ; Gurlt, A, 344, 814 ; Milne- 

 Edwards, A, XI, 437; Bernstein, A, 295 ; Flint, A, 759. 



§ 1397. Lingua, tongue. — The tongue is the principal organ of 

 taste or gustation. It is a very movable muscular organ covered 

 with mucosa and situated in the mouth. It is also possessed of a 

 high degree of tactile sensibility. 



By its muscular structure it takes part in the processes of mastication and deglutition 

 and in speech. To it are distributed three uerves, the trigeminus to the tip, the glosso- 

 pharyngeus to the base and the hypoglossus to the muscles. The glossopharyngeus is 

 also distributed to the mucosa of the soft palate and the pillars of the fauces ; hence their 

 mucosa possesses a certain amount of gustatory sensibility. The parts upon the tongue 

 supposed to be the special seats of gustatory sensibility are the fungiform and circumval- 

 late papillcB. These are briefly described in connection with Fig. 88, p. 305. 



For supposed gustatory structures in the epiglottis of the dog and cat, see Schofield, 

 /, 475. 



Demonstration. — The muscular structure of the tongue may be made out by such a 

 section as that shown in Fig. 88. The papillae may be seen on such a section, but better 

 on a tongue which has been removed with the mandible. The nervous supply of the 

 tongue may be determined by following the general directions for the dissection of nerves ; 

 see also Fig. 107, § 1008, and for the vagus and sympathic (§ 1037). 



NASUS— THE NOSE. 



References. — Gray, A, 710 ; Quain, A, II, 664 ; Dalton, A, 517 ; Foster and Langley, 

 A, 176 ; Foster, A, 584 ; HyrtI, A, 385 ; Leyh, A, 349 ; Strieker, A, 793 ; Chauveau, A, 

 466, 863 ; Chauveau (Fleming), A, 439, 815 ; Owen, A, III, 304 ; Gurlt, A, 814 ; Milne- 

 Edwards, A, XI, 453 ; Bernstein, A, 385 ; Flint, A, 754. 



§ 1398. Nasus, nose. — In Fig. 59 and 88 are shown longitudinal sections of the nasal 

 passages. It will be seen, especially in Fig. 88, that there is a tolerably direct passage 

 from the pranaris to the postnaris through the so called meatus ventralis (inferior). 

 Dorsad of the meatus ventralis are the turbinated bones which are most intricately con- 

 voluted. 



The membrana Schneideriana is the mucosa of the nasal fossse. Through the com- 

 paratively minute spaces formed by the scrolls of the turbinated bones, the air may pass 

 from the prae- to the postnaris, but its movement is much slower than when passing 

 through the meatus ventralis. The forms of the turbinated bones and the passages 

 through them may be well seen by transecting a cat's head just cephalad of the mesal 

 canthi of the eyes (§ 1400). Through the lamina cribrosa (Fig. 60) pass the olfactory 

 nerves to be distributed to the mucosa upon the ethmo-turbmals ; this mucosa is the seat 

 of the olfactory sensibility proper, that is, of the appreciation and distinction of perfumes 

 -and odors. The mucosa of the maxillo-turbinals and meatus ventralis is supplied by ner- 

 vous filaments of the nasal branch of the 1st or opththalmic division of the trigeminus 

 and possesses sensibility more like that of the skin. It takes cognizance of the pungent 

 vapors of such substances as ammonia. 



The nervous supply of the nose may be determined by following the general directions 

 for the dissection of nerves (§ 1008). 



33 



