558 MAMMALS. 



maxillary lies between the angles of the mandible; the 

 sub-lingual lies along the inner side of each ramus of the 

 mandible. 



The pharynx passes into the gullet, and that leads through 

 the diaphragm to the expanded stomach, which is dilated at 

 its upper or cardiac end, and narrows to the curved pyloric 

 end. Partly covering the stomach is the large liver. The 

 first portion of the intestine, which is called the duodenum, 

 receives the bile-duct, and has the pancreas in its folds. 

 Then follows the 'much coiled small intestine measuring 

 many feet in length. The lower end of the small intestine 

 is expanded into a sacculus rotundus. Here the large 

 caecum — a blind diverticulum — is given off; it ends in a 

 finger-like vermiform appendix. Its proximal end is con- 

 tinuous with the colon or first part of the large intestine, the 

 beginning of which is much sacculated. The large intestine 

 narrows into the long rectum in which lie little faecal pellets. 

 On the last two inches of the rectum there are paired 

 yellowish glands. Beside the anus are two perineal sacs of 

 skin, into which open the ducts of the perineal glands, 

 whose secretion has a characteristic and strong odour. 



The liver is moored to the diaphragm by a fold of peri- 

 toneum — the glistening membrane which lines the abdo- 

 minal cavity. In the liver there are five lobes. From these 

 lobes the bile is collected by hepatic ducts into a common 

 bile-duct, which is also connected to the gall-bladder by the 

 cystic duct. 



The pancreas is very diffuse, and lies like fat in the 

 mesentery of the duodenal loop. Its secretion is gathered 

 by several tubes into the pancreatic duct which opens into 

 the duodenum. 



The mesentery which supports the alimentary canal, is a 

 double layer of peritoneum reflected from the dorsal abdo- 

 minal wall. 



Here, for convenience, we may also note, that the dark- 

 red spleen (apparently of importance in connection with the 

 blood), lies behind the stomach. In the mesentery, not far 

 from the top of the right kidney, lie a pair of cceliae ganglia, 

 which receive nerves from the thoracic sympathetic system, 

 and give off branches to the gut. 



The Vascular System. — The four-chambered heart lies in 



