INSECTIVORA. 595 



have a caecum. In most, there are odoriferous glands, 

 axillary in shrews, but usually near the anus. 



The testes are inguinal or in the groin, or near the 

 kidneys, not in a scrotum. The penis may be pendent 

 from the wall of the abdomen, but is usually retractile. 

 There is a bicornuate or two-horned uterus. Except in 

 Galeopithecus, several offspring and usually many are born 

 at once. 



The allantoic placenta is discoidal and deciduate. There 

 is a provisional yolk-sac placenta. 



Insectivora are represented in the temperate and tropical 

 zones of both hemispheres, but not in S. America nor 

 Australia. 



Sub-Order Insectivora Vera : — Insectivores with free limbs suited for 

 movement on land, climbing, burrowing, or swimming. "The upper 

 and lower incisors are conical, unicuspidate or with basal cusps only, 

 the lower not pectinated." 



Examples : — the hedgehogs {Erinaceus), throughout Europe, 

 Africa, and most of Asia, dentition f T^f ; the shrews (Sorex), 

 in Europe, Asia, and N. America, dentition IJ-fl; ^^^ moles- 

 (Talpa), throughout the Palsearctic region; the tail-less tenrec 

 (Centetes) of Madagascar; the S. African golden moles [Chry- _ 

 sochloHs); the African jumping shrews {Macroscelides) ; the 

 Oriental tree-shrews ( Tupaia). 

 Sub-Order Dermoptera : — represented by the very divergent Gakopi- 

 thecus, which almost requires an order for itself. The fore- and hind-limbs 

 are connected by a parachute, and the animals can glide from tree to 

 tree, " sometimes traversing a space of seventy yards with a descent of 

 only about one in five. " The upper and lower incisors are compressed, 

 multicuspidate, the lower deeply pectinated. Two species of this genus 

 live in the forests of the Malayan region. They are nocturnal, and 

 feed on leaves and fruits. The dentition is f^lf. There are, numerous 

 skeletal peculiarities. 



Order 8. Chiroptera — Bats. 



Bats are specialised Mammals related to Insectivores. 

 They have the power of flight, the fore-limbs being modified 

 as wings. The wing is mainly due to an extension of the 

 skin stretched between the very long fingers. The fold of 

 skin usually begins from the shoulder, extends along the 

 upper margin of the arm to the base of the thumb, thence 

 between the fingers, and along the sides of the body to the 



