ANTHROPOWEA. 599 



the axis of the orbit is directed forward, and the orbit is 

 closed off from the temporal fossa ; the clavicles are well- 

 developed ; the radius and ulna are never united ; the 

 scaphoid, the lunar, and usually the os centrale remain dis- 

 tinct from one another ; there are usually five fingers and 

 five toes, but the thumb may be absent or rudimentary ; 

 the big toe is opposable except in man, and has a flat nail 

 except in the orang ; the thumb is usually more or less 

 opposable ; the cerebral hemispheres have numerous con- 

 volutions and overlap the cerebellum ; the stomach is simple 

 except in Semnopithecus and its relatives, in which it is 

 sacculated, and there is a caecum which is often large ; 

 there are two mammas on the breast ; the uterus is simple ; 

 the testes lie in a scrotum ; the placenta is meta-discoidal, 

 being developed by the concentration of the villi from a 

 diffuse area into a well-defined disc. 



Some of the characteristics in which the Anthropoidea 

 differ from Lemuroidea may be re-emphasized : — the orbit is 

 separated from the temporal fossa by a bony partition ; the 

 lachrymal foramen is situated within the margin of the 

 orbit; the median upper incisors are in contact; the cerebral 

 hemispheres are richly convoluted and hide or almost cover 

 the cerebellum ; " the transverse portion of the colon ex- 

 tends uninterruptedly across the abdomen ; " the mammae 

 are never abdominal ; the uterus is not bicornuate but 

 simple ; the placentation is meta-discoidal. 



Family I. Hapalidse ( = Arctopithecini). Marmosets. 



The marmosets are the smallest monkeys, being no larger 

 than squirrels. They live in companies in the Neotropical 

 forests, especially in Brazil, and feed on insects and fruit. 



Their dentition frit is distinctive, for other Anthropoidea 

 have I molars. There is a broad septum between the 

 nostrils, as in the other New World monkeys ; the external 

 auditory meatus is not bony. The tail is long, hairy, and 

 non-prehensile. The arms are not longer than the legs ; 

 there are no cheek-pouches nor ischial callosities. -The 

 thumb or pollex is long but not opposable ; all the digits 

 have a pointed claw except the great toe or hallux which is 



