viii CONTENTS 



Chapter V— THE STEM 



PAGE 



Stem — how it differs from a root. Tlie growing apex. Bud-scales. 

 Buds — terminal, and axillary or lateral. Dormant or sleeping 

 buds. Adventitious buds. Underground stems, not to be 

 mistaken for roots, which they resemble as regards environment. 

 Scales. Thick underground stems as reservoir of food-materials. 

 Underground stems, forms of — rhizome or root-stock, corm, 

 tuber, bulb, bulblet. Bulbils 20 



Chapter VI— THE STEM {Continued) 



Nodes. Internodes. Hypocotyl. Erect, trailing, and climbing stems. 

 Trailing stems, kinds of —procumbent, creeping, runners, stolons, 

 offsets. Climbing stems, kinds of — twining, by tendrils, by ad- 

 ventitious roots, by spines or hooks, by leaf-stalks, by leaf-apices. 

 Dextrorse. Sinistrorse. Lianas. Stems — round, square, and 

 triangular in section. Annuals, Biennials, Perennials, Herbs, 

 shrubs or trees. Herbaceous, woody. Culm, Haulm, and 

 Caudex. Cladodes - - 26 



Chapter VII— THE LEAF 



Leaves, kinds of — cotyledons, scales, foliage or vegetative, floral or 

 reproductive. Typical leaf, parts of — blade or lamina, petiole 

 or stalk, sheath. Leaves — petiolate or sessile, sub-petiolate or 

 sub-sessile. Leaf-form — (i) orbicular, (2) linear, (3) lanceolate, 

 (4) elliptical, (5) oblong, (6) ovate, (7) obovate, (8) spathulate, 

 (9) reniform, (10) sagittate, (11) hastate, (12) cordate, (13) emar- 

 ginate or obcordate, (14) cuneate, {15) acerose, (16) subulate. 

 Leaf-margin — entire, repand, crenate, dentate, serrate, retro- 

 serrate. Leaf-apex — obtuse, acute, acuminate or caudate, emar- 

 ginate, mucronate, cuspidate. Base of sessile leaf — auriculate, 

 amplexicaul, perfoliate, connate. Venation — pinni-veined, palmi- 

 veined, parallel-veined and curvi-veined. Mid-rib. Unequal 

 or unsymnietrical leaf. Reticulate and non-reticulate leaf. Sub- 

 marginal vein. Lobed leaf — pinni-fid, pinni-partite, pinni-sect ; 

 or palmi-fid, palmi-partite, palmi-sect. Pedate leaf. Dissected 

 leaf. Lyrate leaf. Bi-lobed leaf. Leaf surface — glabrous, hairy. 



Leaf consistency — fleshy, coriaceous. Dotted leaf. Leaf 



simple or compound. Leaflets. Compound leaves— pinnate or 

 palmate. Rachis — simple, secondary, and tertiary. Pinnate 

 leaves— simply pinnate, bi-pinnate, tri-pinnate, decompound. 

 Imparipinnate or paripinnate. Ternate. Digitate. Petiole — 

 cylindric, semi-cylindric, winged. Decurrent. Peltate. 

 Stipules — (i) lateral and free, (2) lateral adnate, (3) inter-petiolar, 

 (4) intra-petiolar or axillary, (5) bud-scale, (6) ligule, (7) ochrea. 

 Stipulate and exstipulate leaf. Vernation or pre-foliation. Indi- 

 vidual vernation — (i) convolute, (2) conduplicate, (3) involute 

 (4) revolute, (5) plicate, (6) circinate, (7) crumpled. Reciprocal 

 vernation — (i) valvate, (2) imbricate, (3) equitant, (4) half- 

 equitant. Dorsiventral and centric leaf. Radical and cauline leaf 31 



