CONTENTS 



cutinized outer wall with weak spots, fovilla, vegetative cell, 

 generative cells. Pollen tube. Oospore. Embryo suspensor. 

 Endosperm. Perisperm. Seeds albuminous or with endosperm 

 and perisperm, or with endosperm only. Seeds exalbuminous or 

 with no endosperm or perisperm. Testa — hairs and coma. Aril, 

 whole or partial. Ovules of Gymnospermia somewhat different 

 in structure from the ovules of Angiospermia — archegonia, 

 endosperm before fertilization, spermatozoids - 134 



Chapter XIX— METHODS OF REPRODUCTION 



Methods of reproduction — (i) vegetative, (2) sexual, (3) asexual. 

 Examples of vegetative reproduction. Artificial imitation of 

 this method — cutting, layering, budding, grafting, &c. Sexual 

 method of reproduction — fertilization, conjugation, oospore, 

 zygospore, zygote. Parthenogenesis. Asexual method of 

 reproduction — spores. Difference between the sexual and the 

 vegetative method. Dominance of the sexual method in the 

 preservation of the species - 141 



Chapter XX— DISPERSION OF SEEDS 



Necessity of disper.sion. Agents of dispersion. Characters of wind- 

 dispersed seeds. Characters of water-dispersed seeds. Seeds 

 dispersed by explosive fruits. Characters of animal-dispersed 

 seeds. Railroads and boats as transporting agents. Pluman 

 agency • 144 



Chapter XXI— FRUITS AND SEEDS 



Fruit defined. Calyx, part of some fruits. Peduncle, part of some 

 fruits. Thalamus, part of some fruits. Spurious or false fruits as 

 distinguished from true fruits. Collective fruits — sorosis, syconus, 

 cone. Pericarp — epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, stone or anti. 

 Classification of fruits — simple and collective, dehiscent and in- 

 dehiscent. Simple dehiscent fruits — follicle, legume, lomentum, 

 pod, siliqua (replum), silicula, capsule. Capsule, dehiscence of — 

 (l) septicidal, (2) loculicidal, (3) septifragal, (4) circumcissile, (5) 

 by pores. Valvular dehiscence. Simple indehiscent fruits — 

 drupe, drupaceous, berry, berry-like (bacca, baccate), stone-fruit, 

 achene, nut, caryopsis, samara - 1^0 



Part II— CLASSIFICATION 



Ch.^pter I— CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 



Plants classified into two systems — the artificial and the natural 

 system. The artificial system — Linnean or sexual. Classes- 

 divided into Orders, Orders into Genera, and Genera into 

 Species. The naturar system — (i) Phanerogamia, Seed-plants 



