THE SCENT OF FLOWERS AS A MEANS OF ATTRACTING ANIMALS. 201 



It is very remarkable that many of these benzoloid scents are repeated in species 

 of very different plant-families. Clove-scent is apparent not only in the above- 

 named Pinks but also in the flowers of many species of Broom-rape (Orobanche 

 caryophyllacea, gracilis, lucorum), in some Orchids (e.g. Habenaria bifolia, 

 Gymnadenia conopsea), in the yellow flowers of Ribes aureum, in the Narcissus 

 (Narcissus poeticus), and in a somewhat modified form in the flowers of Azalea 

 pontica. Many Catchflies {Silene nutans, longiflora, &c.), the Dame's Violet 

 {Hesperis tristis), and the dark-flowered Pelargoniums (Pelargonium atrum, 

 glauciifolium, triste, &c.) develop the scent of Hyacinth flowers. It has long been 

 known that the scent of Woodruff is found in the flowers of many Grasses (Anthox- 

 anthum, Hierochloe), and mixed with honey-scent in the flowers of the Melilot 

 (Melilotus). The scent of Vanilla is very widely distributed. Besides the Helio- 

 trope (Heliotropiwm UuropoBwrro and Peruvianwm) some species of Woodruff (e.g. 

 Asperula glomerata, cynanchica, longiflora), the Linnsea (Linncea borealis), the 

 Dwarf Elder (Sambucus Ebulus), the small Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), some 

 Orchids of our upland and alpine meadows (e.g. Oymnadenia odoratissima, 

 Nigritella nigra), the alpine Saussurea (Saussv/rea alpina), the alpine Spurge 

 Laurel (Daphne alpina), and the Nardosmia (Na/rdosmia fragrans) are provided 

 with vanilla-scent to a greater or less degree. Different, but still resembling 

 Vanilla, is the scent of tropical Orchids of the genus Stanhopea, and the exactly 

 similar scent of Epipogium aphyllum, which grows in European Pine-forests. 

 Lilac scent is less common, but it is found clearly enough in many allies of the 

 Spurge Laurel (e.g. Daphne striata and pontica). This is the more strange, since 

 the flowers of these Daphnes, though not even related to the Lilac, resemble Lilac 

 flowers to a surprising extent at first sight. On the other hand, many species of 

 the genus Syringa, e.g. Syringa Emodi, which grows on the Himalayas, have a 

 scent which differs from that of Syringa vulgaris (the Lilac). The Lily of the 

 Valley scent is on the whole rarely met with — only in some Mexican Cactuses, 

 especially in Echinocactus Tetani. Acacia scent is found in a good many 

 Papilionacese, as, for example, in Cladrastis lutea, Gytisus alpinus, and Spartium 

 junceum, and also in the flowers of an Iris (Iris odoratissima). Auricula scent, 

 besides in many Primulas allied to Primula Auricula, is present in the flowers 

 of the Globe-flower (Trollius Europceus). Honeysuckle scent is emitted in the 

 evening from the flowers of all the species allied to Lonicera Caprifolium, and also 

 in the flowers of Ismene, and of a species of Tobacco (Nicotiana ajffinis). Violet 

 scent is fairly widely distributed. In addition to numerous species of Violet (e.g. 

 Viola odorata, mirabilis, polychroma) it is also developed in many Cruciferse, thus, 

 in the Stocks (Matthiola annua, incana, varia, &c.), in the Wallflower (Gheiranthus 

 Cheiri), and in the common Dame's Violet (Hesperis matronalis). The Snowflake 

 (Leucojum vernum), the autumn-flowering fringed Gentian (Gentiana ciliata), the 

 Spurge Laurel (Daphne Laureola and PhiUppi), the blue Water-lily of the Nile 

 (Nymphosa ccerulea), and the insectivorous Sarracenia (Sarracenia purpurea) emit 

 an unmistakable scent of Violets from their flowers. Cyclamen scent is again 



