436 



FERTILIZATION AND FORMATION OF FRUIT IN PHANEROGAMS. 



that the fruits of the several flowers as they increase in size become more or less 

 fused together; or the axis which bears them, or other associated parts, become fleshy 

 forming a succulent matrix for the individual fruits. Such a mass of fruits is termed 

 a collective fruit. Good examples of this are the Mulberry (Morus), the Pine-apple 

 Ananassa sativa), Piperacese, e.g. Betel Pepper (Piper Betle, fig. 331 ^); and Arto- 

 carpese, e.g. the Bread-fruit (Artocarpus incisa, fig. 332) and Jack-fruit (Artocarpus 

 integrifolia). With these collective fruits may be contrasted the clustered crowded 



Fig. 330. — Fruits in whose structure the receptacle and pedicel take a share. 



1 Longitudinal section of the fruit of the Cashew-nut Tree {Anamrdium occidentaJe). ' Longitudinal section through a Quince 

 {Cydonia). (After Baillon.) 



carpels produced from single flowers (aggregate fruits), such as the Easpberry 

 (Rubus IdcBus), Galycanthus, Rose, &c., already described, also many Anonacese, as, 

 for instance, the West-Indian Sour-sop (Anona tnuricata, fig. 331 *), the Sweet-sop 

 (Anona squamosa, figs. 331 ^ and 331 ^) and Custard-apple (Anona reticulata). The 

 terminology that has grown up around the types of fruit described in this paragraph 

 is extremely confusing and slovenly. We propose to call the compound fruit arising 

 from a number of crowded flowers a collective fruit, that from the carpels of a single 

 flower an aggregate fruit. An altogether peculiar fruit is that of the Lotus Lily 

 (Nelwmbiu/m speciosum, cf. figs. 333 and 334). Here the receptacle is enlarged into 

 a huge top-shaped structure in the middle of the flower (fig. 334 ^); the upper surface 

 of this top is like a honey-comb, and in each " cell ", a carpel is sunk as in a socket 



