GREGOR MENDEL IgI. 
precisely the same manner as those characters of the 
maize-plant which have been already described, and 
in all of them the phenomenon of dominance also 
appeared. The characters dealt with by Mendel were 
as follows, the dominant member of the pair being in 
each case placed first : 
Smooth seeds, and wrinkled seeds. 
Yellow, and green reserve material—+.e., cotyledons. 
Deeply coloured (grey), and nearly colourless testas 
or seed-coats. 
Inflated or stiff, and wrinkled or soft pods. 
Green, and yellow pods. 
Flowers scattered up the stem, and flowers in a 
terminal bunch or umbel. 
Tall, and dwarf stems. 
As the result of these experiments Mendel came to 
the conclusion with which his name is now closely 
associated—that the male and female germ-cells of 
hybrid plants contain each of them one or the other 
member only of any pair of differentiating characters 
exhibited by the parents, and that each member of 
such a pair of characters is represented in an equal 
number of germ-cells of both sexes. Furthermore, 
separate pairs of differentiating characters (allelo- 
morphs) conform to this law in complete independence 
of one another. 
Although in Mendel’s own experiments one member 
of each pair of differentiating characters was always 
dominant, dominance is by no means an universal 
phenomenon when different varieties of plants are 
crossed together. In a considerable number of in- 
