American Foul Brood Contd. 



pupation. 



Dead larvae usually capped 

 over. 



Capping starts to sink and per- 

 forations appear in cap. Larvae 

 turn yellow, brown, and finally 

 black. 



Bee cannot handle this disease 

 without assistance. 



All species of bees attacked. 



Lai-vae are ropy and easily 

 drawn out into a string. 



Scale is black and almost im- 

 possible to take from the cell. 

 No markings on scale. 



Scale lie along the bottom of the 

 cell. 



Scale of pupa has a fine thread 

 or tongue attached to or pointing 

 toward the roof of the cell. 



Spreads slowly. 

 Adults not affected. 

 Very foul odor. 



European Foul Brood Contd. 



larvae. 

 Dead larvae usually uncapped. 



Larvae turn yellow, then brown 



If colony is strong It can usuallj 

 handle this disease alone. 



Italians are more resistant thar 

 the black bee. 



Larvae do not rope unless Bac- 

 illus alvei, another bacterium, 

 enters. 



Scale is very dark brown and 

 more easily taken from the cell. 



Tracheal or breathing tubes 

 appear when the larvae dry up. 



Scale In almost any position, 

 but usually curled up in the end 

 of the cell. 



Larva attacked before approach- 

 ing pupa stage, thus there is no 

 such thread pointing toward the 

 roof of the cell. 



Spreads rapidly. 



Adults not affected. 



No odor to speak of. 



WINTERING OF BEES 



The Important considerations in wintering are plenty of young 

 bees, a good, fairly young queen, plenty of stores of good quality and 

 proper protection from cold and dampness. 



One should have about six pounds of bees (30,000) to go into 

 winter quarters. If there are less, the number of bees which act as 

 insulators for the rest of the cluster may become insufficient to con- 



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