THE TESTICLE AND THE OVARY 331 



appeared to be correlated with the seasonal development of the 

 interstitial tissue and not with the seminiferous tubules. Vasectomy 

 and one-sided castration did not inhibit the seasonal growth of the 

 accessory organs (see above, p. 246). Easmussan has found that in 

 the woodchuck both spermatogenetic and interstitial tissue increased 

 rapidly in March and April after hibernation, after which the former 

 continued to display activity, while the latter began to undergo retro- 

 gression (April to June) and remained Hi-developed throughout the rest 

 of the year.'^ L^caillon ^ has made similar observations on the mole. 



Of very great importance are Steinach's transplantation experi- 

 ments with rats and guinea-pigs, not only on account of the evidence 

 they show as to the secretory influence of the gonads, but because 

 of their bearing on the question of sex- determination. The latter 

 subject is dealt with in a later chapter. Steinach ^ showed that if 

 the testes are removed from the normal position and transplanted 

 under the skin, notwithstanding that their ordinary nerve connections 

 are non-existent, the copulatory organ, vesicula, and other accessory 

 male organs develop normally. Since the transplanted testes consist 

 of interstitial cells only, and these are sufficient to cause the male 

 characters to develop, Steinach designates this tissue the " puberty 

 gland." Moreover Steinach found that testes transplanted into a 

 young female, from which the ovaries had been removed, caused the 

 clitoris to develop into a penile structure, besides stimulating the 

 animal's growth and producing manifestations of sexual desire as 

 in the male. Such individuals he regards as being sexually inverted 

 or masculinised. Steinach carried out converse experiments with 

 ovarian transplantation which are described below. 



LipSchiitz * has studied the structiire of the hypertrophied clitoris 

 in the guinea-pig after masculinisation by means of a transplanted 



1 Easmussan, " Seasonal Changes in the Interstitial Cells, etc.," Amer. Jour, 

 of Atiat., vol. xxii., 1917. "Cyclic Changes in the Interstitial Cells, etc.," 

 Endocrinology, vol. ii., 1918. 



^ L6caillon, loc. cit. 



^ Steinach, " Untersuchungen zur Vergleichenden Physiologie der Mann- 

 lichen Geschlechtsorgane," Pflilger's Arch., vol. Ivi., 1894 ; " Geschlechtstrieb und 

 echt Sekundare Geschlechtsmerkniale als Folge der Innersekretorischen Funktion 

 der Keimdriisen," Zent. f. Phys., vol. xxiv., 1910 ; " Umstimmung des Geschlechts- 

 charakters bei Saugethieren dursch Austausch der Pubertatsdriisen," Zent. f. 

 Phys., vol. XXV., 1911 ; " Willkiirliche Uniwandlung von Saugethier-Mannchen, 

 etc.," Pflilger's Arch., cxliv., 1912 ; " Feminierung von Mannchen und Masku- 

 lierung von Weibchen," Zent. f. Phys., vol. xxvii., 191.3; "Pubertatsdriisen 

 und Zwitterbildung," Arch. f. Entwich.-Mech., vol. xlii., 1916. Steinach and 

 Holzknecht, " Erhohte Wirkungen der inneren Sekretion bei Hypertrophie der 

 Pubertatsdriisen," Arch. f. Entwich.-Mech., vol. xlii., 1916. Steinach and 

 Kammerer, "Klimak und Mannbarkeit," Arch. f. Entwick.-Mech., vol. xlvii., 

 1921. 



* Lipschiitz, "Umwandlung der Clitoris, etc.," Arch. f. Entwiek.-Mech., 

 vol. xliv., 1918. "On the Internal Secretion of the Sexual Glands," Jour, of 

 Physiol., vol. Ir.,. 1917. Die Pubertdtsdriise wnd ihre Wirkungen, Bern, 1919. 

 This book contains further information and many references. 



