710 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 



their mower and reaper manufacture will ultimately be transferred to 

 the same locality. 



It seems evident that a new era in manufacturing has already com- 

 menced, one of those revolutions in the .productive industries of the 

 county which the rapid development of our resources produces, resulting 

 in losses in one locality and yet gains in others. Our railroads, by fur- 

 nishing cheap fuel to the large cities where capital had accumulated, 

 stimulated its employment in manufacturing, and built up industries 

 that brought large returns both to capital and labor. The demand is 

 now for still cheaper fuel, and the tendency is too strong to be overcome 

 to locate manufacturing establishments where the combined cost of the 

 raw material and the coal is the least. In the establishments for the 

 manufacture and working of iron the law of natural selection and sur- 

 vival of the fittest will rule, and those who refuse to remove their works 

 from the less to the more favored localities will have such a disadvan- 

 tage in the struggle for existence that they can not long survive. Iron 

 can not be made at from $18 to $20 per ton and compete with that which 

 costs from $10 to $13 only, nor will the pig-metal be transformed into 

 bars, castings, bolts, nails, etc., in the cities, with coal costing $3 to $4 

 per ton, when at the places where it is produced the fuel will cost only 

 fifty to seventy-five cents per ton. The removal of the Newark and the 

 Akron Iron Company's furnaces to this field, and the construction of 

 new furnaces by those who have furnaces idle in other places, are illus- 

 trative of this new era in iron-making, and are examples which will be 

 largely followed by others. 



Near Carbon Hill the Iron Point ore has recently been thoroughly 

 opened, and the thickness is reported to be seven feet. This is to be in- 

 terpreted as meaning that the nodules extend through a vertical height 

 of seven feet. 



There is some difficulty in locating this ore on the north side of the 

 Hocking River. Beds of ore are opened which resemble it, but they are 

 from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty feet above the 

 Great Vein, and it is my belief that this ore is to be sought for there at 

 an elevation of from ninety to one hundred feet above that coal. At 

 one hundred and twenty feet I found an outcrop of good ore which had 

 not been explored, and it is possible that this is here the horizon of the 

 Iron Point ore. At one hundred and forty feet above the coal there is a 

 rich brown oxide measuring fifteen inches, and at an elevation of two 

 hundred and thirty feet a very rich soft sesquioxide with limestone 

 shells, the thickness of which has not been determined. The interval 

 between these last two ores is mainly composed of soft ferruginous shales 



