796 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 



two feet thick, probably Coal No. 3a, lies about eight feet under it, but the 

 interval is usually much greater. In Springfield and Beaver, Coal No. 

 4 is opened at a great number of localities, and is the chief source of 

 supply of fuel. It here exhibits all its characteristic variableness, be- 

 ing in some places six feet thick, all cannel, in others three feet thick, 

 half cannel and half cubical coal, and in still others three feet thick, 

 with six inches of cannel at top. Where all cannel, it contains on an 

 average about, fifteen per cent, of ash, and will compare favorably with 

 any other cannel mined in Ohio. The quantity of earthy matter is 

 about half that contained in the Darlington cannel, and it may there- 

 fore be mined and shipped with profit to the markets where cannel coals 

 are in demand. Where containing no cannel, as at Washingtonville, it 

 is one of the purest coals in the State, containing very little sulphur, 

 and not more than two per cent, of ash. The changes which this seam 

 of coal exhibits illustrate the differences in the mode of formation of 

 cannel and the ordinary cubical coal. The cannel is evidently an aque- 

 ous deposit. It contains much ash, and is stratified like a bituminous 

 shale ; its fossils are indicative of its origin, since they consist of mol- 

 lusks and^the remains of fishes. 



In the center of a block of cannel, taken from the Wetmore mine in 

 Canfield, an entire fish was found with all its scales and fin rays com- 

 plete. 



The most northerly outcrop of Coal No. 4 is at the center of Canfield, 

 where it lies under the sandstone which forms the surface rock on Acad- 

 emy Hill. In most parts of the county south of this point it may be 

 found either outcropping, or at no gr -at depth. It passes under the 

 divide between the waters of the Mahoning and Little Beaver, but ap- 

 pears on most of the tributaries of the latter stream, and is most exten- 

 sively worked about New Albany, Green Village, and Washingtonville. 

 Passing southward from Washingtonville it becomes thinner and the 

 associated black shales thicker, until at New Lisbon the coal is entirely 

 lost in a mass of bituminous shales some twenty feet in thickness. Fur- 

 ther details in regard to this interesting coal seam will be given in the 

 notes on the different townships. 



Coal No. 5. 



In the southern part of Mahoning county we find a thin seam of coal 

 some thirty or forty feet above Coal No. 4. At New Albany it is seen crop- 

 ping out in the ravine above the mines opened on Coal No. 4, and is there 

 about eight inches in thickness. In various places about Green Village, 

 and near the top of the hill on which the town stands, this coal seam makes 

 its appearance, but nowhere more than one and one-half feet thick, and of 



