BIRDS PHINGILLIDAE — CAKPODACUS. 411 



CARPODACUS, Kaup. 



Carpodacus, Kadp, "Entw. Europ. Thierw. 1829." Type Loxia erythrina, Pall. 



Erythrospiztt, Bonaparte, Saggio di una dist. met. 1831. 



Haemorrhous, Swainson, Class. Birds, 11, 1837, 295. Type FringMla purpurea, Gmelin. 



Ch. — Bill short, stout, vaulted ; the culmen decurved towards the end ; the commissure nearly straight to the slightly decurved 

 end. A slight development of bristly feathers along the sides of the bill, concealing the nostrils. Tarsus shorter than the 

 middle toe ; lateral claws reaching to the base of the middle one. Claw of hind toe much curved, smaller than the middle 

 one, and rather less than the digital portion. Wings long and pointed, reaching to the middle of the tail, which is considerably 

 shorter than the wing, and moderately forked. Colors red, or red and brown. 



The genus Garpodacus, including the American purple finches, is composed of species, the 

 males of which are more or less red in full plumage, while the females are brown. They are 

 spread over North America, and species also occur in considerable numbers in northern Europe 

 and Asia. 



In addition to the generic names mentioned above, there have been proposed for the group 

 Erythrina, Brehm, 1828, pre-occupied in Botany, Erythrotliorax, Brehm, 1831, and PyrrJiulinota, 

 Hodgson, 1844. Should it become necessary to subdivide the genus, there will be no difficulty 

 in finding names already established for the different sections. 



The following diagnoses may serve to distinguish the North American species of Oarjaodacus. 



A. Tail and wing feathers edged with reddish. 



Quite uniformly crimson on the head, neck, breast, and upper parts ; darker across the 

 back. Wing coverts and quills margined with reddish. Belly white, faintly streaked 

 with black. First quill longer than fourth C. purpureua. 



Similar to last. Purple of head and rump darker. A light purple supraorbital line. 

 First quill shorter than fourth 0. californicus. 



Bill very long. Crown continuously crimson ; chin, throat, upper part of breast, and rump, 

 rose red. Back grayish, brown, streaked conspicuously with dark brown. Belly white, 

 scarcely streaked O. cassinii. 



B. Tail and wing feathers edged with grayish white. 



Bill short, very convex. Forehead, superciliary stripe, chin, throat, breast, and rump 

 crimson. Back brown, not streaked. Wiogs brown. Belly white, strongly streaked; 

 outlines of red not very sharply defined O. frontalis. 



Bill very convex. Forehead, superciliary stripe, chin and throat, with rump, all 

 uniform bright crimson. Back dull brown, not streaked. Breast and belly white, 

 much streaked. All the colors very sharply defined C. haemorrhous. 



