DISEASBS Olf THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 69 



safEron-colored; the excrement dirty gray in color; and generally consti- 

 pation is present. 



What to Do. Endeavor to get rid of the excess of bile in the sys- 

 tem, and this is best accomplished by giving purgatives that act on th- 

 liver. Calomel, two drams; with aloes, seven drams should be '^iven. 

 Glauber salts in handful doses, once or twice a day for a week is also ef- 

 fective May-apple (podophylin), rhubarb, castor oil, and other cathar- 

 tics that act upon the first or small bowels, may be given. Avoid hard, 

 dry, bulky foods and see that the bowels are kept open. 



Gall-stones, or Bilary Calculi. These are rarely found in the 

 horse, but occasionally they occupy the hepatic ducts, giving rise to 

 jaundice and colicky pains. There are no symptoms by which gall 

 stones can be positively determined; but if a horse has repeated symp- 

 toms of wind colic, accompanied with violent pains, and that during or 

 following these attacks there is evidence of jaundice, a good guess is that 

 the animal has gall-stones. There is not much that can be done except 

 to give medicine to overcome pain, and trust that these formations may 

 pass out of the ducts into the bowels, where they will not occasion any 

 trouble, on account of their small size. 



INTESTINAL WORMS. 



Description of the Common Kinds. Although there are sev- 

 eral kinds of worms found in the intestines of horses, it will be sufficient 

 to refer to three or four of the most common ones. Weak and debilita- 

 ted and young horses are most frequently afflicted. 



I/Umbricoid. This is a worm four to twelve inches in length, al- 

 though some have been seen over thirty inches long. In form it is 

 much like the common earth-worm (fish-worm). These worms are 

 white or reddish in color, and vary in thickness from a wheat straw to a 

 lady's finger, being thickest at the middle and growing- smaller toward 

 both ends. They are found singly and in groups, and live chiefly in the 

 small intestines. 



Pin- Worm. This is a very common variety of worm and they are 

 found mostly in the large intestines. They are semi-transparent; 

 thread-like in form; and measure from one to two inches in length. 



Tape-worm. This is a white, flat, thin, broad, jointed worm. 

 The head is found at the smaller end of the worm. Tape-worms of the' 

 horse sometimes measure from twenty to thirty feet in length. 



