322 CATTLB. 



can be detected as distinctly rounded, flattened discs. It is smoky urine 

 — haeaglobinuria — when no such distinct clots nor blood discs can be 

 found, but merely a general browning, reddening or blackening of the 

 urine by the presence of dissolved blood-coloring matter. The bloody 

 urine is the more direct result of structural disease of the kidneys or 

 urinary passages (inflammation, stone, gravel, tumors, hydatids, kidney 

 worms, sprains of the loins), while the stained urine (hsemaglobinuria) 

 is usually the result of some general or more distant disorder in which 

 the globules are destroyed in the circulating blood and the coloring 

 matter dissolved in and diffused through the whole mass of the blood and 

 of the urine secreted from it. As in the two forms, blood, and the ele- 

 ments of blood, escape into the urine, albumen is always present, so that 

 there is albuminuria with blood-coloring matter superadded. If due to 

 stone or gravel,' gritty particles are usually passed, and may be detected 

 in the bottom of a dish in which the liquid is caught. If due to fracture 

 or severe sprain of the loins it is likely to be associated not only with 

 some loss of control over the hind limbs, and with staggering behind, 

 but also with a more or less perfect paralysis of the tail. The blood- 

 stained urine without red globules results from specific diseases, Texas 

 fever, anthrax, and from eating irritating plants (broom, savin, mer- 

 cury, hellebore, ranunculus, convolvulus, colchicum, oak shoots, ash, 

 privet, hazel, hornbeam, and other astringent, acrid, or resinous plants, 

 etc. ) . The Maybug or Spanish fly taken with the food or spread over 

 a great extent of skin as a blister has a similar action. Frosted turnips 

 or other roots will bring on the affection in some subjects. Among con- 

 ditions which act by the direct destruction of the globules in the circu- 

 lating blood may be named an excess of water in that fluid; the use of 

 water from soils rich in decomposing vegetable matter, and containing 

 alkaline salts, especially nitrites, and the presence in the water and food 

 of the ptomaines of bacteria growth — hence the prevalence of "red- 

 water" in marshy districts and on clayey and other impervious soils; 

 hence, too, the occurrence of bloody urine in the advrnced stages of 

 several contagious diseases. Some mineral poisons, such as iodine, 

 arsenic, and phosphorous taken to excess may cause hasmaturia, and 

 finally the symptoms may be the mere result of a constitutional predis- 

 position of the individual or family to bleeding. Exposure of the body 

 to cold or wet will cause the affection in some predisposed subjects. 



The specific symptom of bloody or smoky water is a very patent one. 

 It may be associated with fever or not, with the presence or absence of 



