45. COMPOSITE. 167 



cated, unarmed. Receptacle scaly. Pappus in 2 rows, 

 outer of short rough bristles, inner feathery. 



25. Caklina. Florets all herm., tubular. Phyll. imbricated, 

 outer lax leaflike spinose, inner linear membranous coloured 

 and resembling a ray. Receptacle with cleft scales. Pappus 

 in 1 row, branched and feathery , connected into a ring below. 



26. Akctium. Involucre globose. Phyll. imbricated, termi- 

 nating in booked points. Receptacle flat, with rigid subu- 

 late scales. Fr. compressed, oblong. Pappus short, pilose, 

 distinct. 



b. Anthers without bristles. 



* Pappus in many rows of different lengths ; inner row longest, 

 longer than the fruit. 



27. Serratula. Heads dioecious by abortion. Phyll. im- 

 bricated, sharp, unarmed. Scales of the receptacle split 

 longitudinally into linear bristles. Fr. compressed, not 

 beaked, basal areola oblique. Pappus persistent. 



** Pappus in many rows unequal ; second row longest, equal to 

 or shorter than the fruit, rarely none. 



28. Centaurba. Anthers with papillose filaments, involucre 

 imbricated. Receptacle chafiy. Fr. attached laterally above 

 the base to the receptacle. Pappus pilose, rarely 0. 



*** Pappus in many rows, equal, long. 



29. Onopordum. Receptacle honey-combed. Fr. 4-ribbed. 

 Pappus rough. Otherwise like Carduus. 



30. Carduus. Involucre imbricated with simple spinous 

 pointed scales. Receptacle with fimbriated scales. Fr. com- 

 pressed, oblong, with a somewhat fleshy terminal areola. 

 Pappus long, pilose or plumose, united into a ring at the base 

 and deciduous. — Includes Cnicus Linn, and Cirsium DC. 



**** Pappus in many rows. Filaments monadelphous. 



31. SiLYBOM. Involuci-e imbricated; scales leaflike at the base, 

 naiTOwed into a long spreading spinous point. Receptacle 

 scaly. Fr. compressed, its terminal areola surrounded by a 

 papillose ring. Pappus pilose, united into a ring at the base, 

 deciduous. 



Suborder III. CICHORIACE^. 

 Florets all ligulate and perfect. 



