114 IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 



than by any other mode, after the corners of the bark are 



lifted with the point of the blade. 



The grafting-chisel (Fig. 165) is useful in cleft-grafting large 



apple-trees. It is made of iron, the edge set with steel. It 



is used for splitting the 

 stock, after it is sawed 

 off and pared. The cut- 

 ting part should be not 

 less than two inches 

 broad, with a sharp 

 edge, which s h 9 u 1 d 

 curve inward, that the 

 bark, in splitting, may 

 be cut first, to give it a 



Fig. i«s.-Gra£ting-Chisel. See also Fig. 28. smooth, flat face. The 



wedge at the end opens the stock to receive the graft. 



The pruning shears shown in Figs. 166 and 167 are, taken 

 all in all, the most useful tool the orchardist can have. There 



Fig. 166. 



Forms of Pruning-Shears. 



Fig. 167. 



axe a variety of patterns of these shears, differing mainly in 

 the form of spiring used to keep the blades apart. 

 In using the long-handled pruning-saw, the pruning-chisel, 



