Markets. 229 
time, the cheaper imitation butter has crowded out of 
the market the poorer grades of genuine butter, and 
so improved the general average quality of genuine 
butter. 
More recently the manufacture of so-called filled 
cheese has been regulated in the same way, by the 
passage by the National Congress, in 1896, of a 
law similar to the oleomargarine act, placing a rev- 
enue tax upon all filled cheese manufactured, and a 
license tax upon the manufacturers and dealers. 
This filled cheese is made from skimmed milk, to 
which has been added a certain amount of neutral 
animal fat. 
Within the past twenty years the practice of mak- 
ing cheese from skimmed or partially skimmed milk 
has spread widely throughout the United States. The 
result has been that the reputation of American cheese 
has greatly fallen in the market, both abroad and at 
home. A remedy has been sought by the passage in 
several states, notably New York and Wisconsin, of 
laws authorizing the use, on cheese made from whole 
milk, of “State Brands” guaranteeing the quality of 
cheese so branded. While cheese-makers were at 
first not inclined to take advantage of these laws, 
the “State Brands’’ are now extensively used with 
very gratifying results as to the reputation of cheese 
so branded in the general markets. 
Dairy markets.—In no one particular has the dairy 
industry developed in recent years more than in the 
line of production throughout the year. Formerly 
almost the whole product was made during the warm 
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