40 British Birds, with their Nests and Eggs. 



Family— TURDILK E. Subfamily— TURDINAl. 



The Redstart. 



Ruticilla phcoiiciirus, Lixx. 



BREEDS throughout Central Europe as far as the North Cape and in the 

 Pine regions of Southern Europe ; where, however, it is rarely seen 

 excepting on migration ; in winter it migrates to Northern Africa, the Canaries, 

 Madeira, Senegal, Abj'ssinia, Arabia and Persia. It is prett}^ generally distributed 

 throughout Great Britain, though locally scarce ; its occurrence in the Orkne3-s 

 and Shetlands and in Ireland is rare, and it is unknown in the Hebrides. 



The male bird in breeding plumage is ver}^ attractive, vaguely resembling 

 the Robin in front and the Nightingale at the back. The upper surface is slaty 

 gre}^, with rufous-brown tips to the feathers ; the back of forehead and an 

 irregular line over the eye white ; rump and tipper tail-coverts chestnut red ; 

 the two central tail feathers dark brown, the others chestnut red ; wings smoky 

 brown, secondaries Avith pale buff margins to the outer webs ; base of forehead, 

 face, ear-coverts, chin and throat black ; chest and axillaries chestnut red ; 

 abdomen and flanks tawny buff: bill and feet black, iris brown. The female 

 is altogether duller in colouring without the bright hues on the head and with 

 the under surface paler. Both sexes in autumn have long white fringes to the 

 feathers, giving them a greyish appearance which disappears in the Spring.* 

 Nestlings are spotted both above and below and, but for their redder tails, might 

 be. almost mistaken for young Robins. 



The Redstart is a summer visitant to Great Britain usually arriving in 

 April, though its advent is somewhat dependent on the state of the temperature. 

 It goes to nest in Maj^ and in September flits by night to its winter quarters. 



The favourite haunts of this species are iv}-- grown rocks and ruins ; old 

 walls round gardens and orchards ; plantations ; shrubberies ; scattered open wood- 

 land with ancient timber ; groves of birch ; wild commons, on poor and rocky 

 ground strewn with bramble and brake. I first met with it in the Stockbury 



' It is usually .supposed, that when the pluma}je of birds alters in the spring, it is done b}- casting the 

 pale or dull tips ; but, judging from birds of various species which have died in the middle of their transfor- 

 mation, I feel certain that in many cases the colouring grows in the feathers themselves. I have a Redstart 

 before me in which the long fringes are partly buff and partly white, whilst the throat feathers are black 

 excepting at the extreme tips. 



