84 



PLANT STUDIES 



Fig. 78. Section across a young twig of bos 

 elder, showing tlie four stem regions : t', 

 epidermis, represented Vjy tlie iieavy bound- 

 ing line ; c, cortex ; /c, vascular cylinder ; 

 /), pith. 



are arranged in a hollow 

 cylinder, just inside of 

 the cortex, leaving what 

 is called pitJi in the 

 center (see Fig. 78). 

 iSometimes the pith dis- 

 appears in older stems or 

 parts of stems and leaves 

 the stem hollow. When 

 the vessels are arranged 

 in this way and the stem 

 lives more than a year, it 

 can increase in diameter 

 by adding new vessels 

 outside of the old. In 



the case of trees these additions appear in cross-section like 



a series of concentric rings, and as there is usually hut one 



growth period during the year, they are often called annual 



rings (see Fig. 79), and the age of a tree is often estimated 



hy counting them. 



This method of ascer- 

 taining the age of a 



tree is not ahsolutely 



certain, as there may 



be more than one 



growth period in some 



years. In the case of 



trees and shrulis the 



epiilermis is replaced 



on the older parts 1>y 



layers of cork, whicli 



sometimes Itecomcs 



very thick and makes *^'"- '»■ «'''-""" ^"nss a twig of box elder three 



•' yearyold, sllowiug three annual rings, or growth 



up the Otlter part of rings, in the vasmlnr cylinder. The radiating 



what is COmmonlv lines(//;) which crossthevascularregion(/r)rep- 



resent the pith rays, the principal ones extending 

 Calletl bark. from the pith to the cortex (<■). 



