180 PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION. 
ducing carbon dioxide without the intervention of oxygen from out- 
side. The latter fact, of course, is equally true whatever substance 
combines with the excess of oxygen of the carbohydrate. The 
tendency, therefore, will be to increase the respiratory quotient and, 
if large amounts of carbohydrates are thus transformed, to even 
raise it above unity. 
Numerous such instances are on record. Thus Regnault & 
Reiset * report a quotient of 1.024 in case of a hen, and Reiset + ob- 
tained quotients of 1.004 and 1.054 with a ewe and a boar. Han- 
riot & Richet,{ in studies on the respiration of man, found that 
the ingestion of carbohydrates caused the respiratory quotient to 
rise markedly and sometimes to exceed unity. Later Hanriot § 
studied the transformations of glucose in the organism of man and 
obtained similar but more marked results, the quotient reaching as 
high a value as 1.28. 
Magnus-Levy || has likewise observed quotients greater than 
unity in the case of a dog fed large quantities of carbohydrates, and 
Bleibtreu,{ in experiments on fattening geese in a form of Regnault 
respiration apparatus, also verified this fact, as have Kaufmann ** 
and Laulanié tt} in experiments upon dogs with sugar. The exten- 
sive respiration experiments of Zuntz & Hagemann {{ on the horse 
also afford numerous instances of respiratory quotients greater 
than unity. 
The evidence of the respiratory quotient, then, is entirely in 
accord with the conclusions reached by other methods as to the 
formation of fat from carbohydrates. 
Non-nitRoGENOus NuTRIENTS OF FEEDING-STUFFS.—It has 
become customary to regard the digestible non-nitrogenous ingre- 
dients of feeding-stuffs, aside from the ether extract, as consisting 
essentially of carbohydrates. As has several times been urged on 
* Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. [3], 26, 45. 
+ Ibid. [3], 69, 145. 
¢ Comptes rend., 106, 419 and 496. 
§ Archives de Physiol., 1893, p. 248. 
| Arch. ges. Physiol., 55, 1. 
{I Ibid., 56, 464; 85, 366. 
** Archives de Physiol., 1896, 341. 
tt Ibid., 1896, 791. 
tt Landw. Jahrb., 27, Supp. III. 
