THE UTILIZATION OF ENERGY. 501 
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, 
7 . c.c. c.c. 
fe) 0) ae eee 1028 .80 798.90 
ROS. saaana at sages edna See snore taatn arene 174.30 124.70 
Transportation of 27.175 kgs. 
through 70.42 meters........} 479.36 346.55 
Ascent—22.83 kgm............ 36.19 30.07 
TOtalidcc cstv ode Gerwae os ae 689.85 501 .32 
Remains for draft............. 338 .95 297 .58 
For one gram-meter of work of draft we have, therefore, 
OXYGEN fnuiasaieta bees meee eeead 1.6704 c.mm 
Carbon dioxide............2..2-00-- 1.467 e.mm 
Respiratory quotient................ 0.878 
It appears from the above that the work of draft required 
somewhat more metabolism than the same amount of work of 
ascent. The individual experiments of this and other series like- 
wise show that variations in the speed and in the angle of ascent 
affect the result. For the present, however, we may confine our- 
selves to a consideration of the average figures. 
It remains to compute from the results for oxygen and carbon 
dioxide the corresponding amounts of energy liberated. The data 
are insufficient for an exact computation. It having been shown, 
however (compare Chapter VI), that even severe work causes but a 
slight increase in the proteid metabolism, the author assumes that 
the additional metabolism in these experiments was entirely at the 
expense of carbohydrates and fat and computes the proportion of 
each from the respiratory quotient. The results are admittedly 
not exact. Besides the uncertainty just mentioned, there is the 
possibility that irregularities in the excretion of carbon dioxide 
may affect the respiratory quotient in short trials and, more- 
over, we must bear in mind the possibility of various cleavages 
and hydrations as affecting the evolution of energy in such experi- 
ments (compare Berthelot’s criticism on p. 254). The author does 
not, however, regard these possible errors as very serious. Com- 
puted on this basis the results are as follows, expressed both in 
terms of heat (calories) and in gram-meters (1 cal. equals 425 
gram-meters) : 
