WINTER BUDS, SHOOTS, ETC. 13 



Remove the scales one by one, determining the number, and their ar- 

 rangement on the axis, as well as the difference in texture and form. Make 

 a longitudinal section of the bud, and sketch one half to show the relation of 

 the scales in the bud. Make a cross-section and sketch. 



28. Annual growth in thickness as shown by the " annual rings. " — 

 With a sharp knife make cross-sections of the shoots of different ages, and 

 from the number of annual rings determine the age of the shoot. Compare 

 the annual rings with the number of ring scars on the shoot and see if the 

 age of the shoot determined by both means is the same. 



Exercise 6. 



29. Comparative study of other shoots. — Study in a similar way other 

 shoots, taking for example the walnut or butternut, the birch, elm, dog- 

 wood, peach, apple, etc. The selection may be- made from trees or shrubs 

 which are accessible, and for the purpose of illustrating several different 

 types. 



Sketch the form of the shoot, the position of the leaf scars, of the ring 

 scars, of the buds, lenticels, etc. 



Make careful notes upon these characters, as well as on the different col- 

 ors, surface markings, etc. 



Determine the age of the shoots, and of the branches, the relation of the 

 dormant buds to those which have developed into the lateral shoots or 

 branches. Determine the effect which fruit buds have had on the branching 

 of the different species. 



Make cross-sections and determine the age by the annual rings. 



Exercise 7. 



30. Comparative study of other buds. — Study the buds of several different 

 shoots of trees and shrubs, for the purpose of determining the variations in 

 the form of the bud scales, and the different means for the protection of the 

 delicate scales within. 



Examples suggested are as follows : walnut or butternut, hickory, cur- 

 rant, etc. 



Sketch the form and surface characters of the buds, and note the color, or 

 other characters. 



Remove the scales one by one, note their arrangement on the shoot, their 

 relation one to another in the bud. Determine the number of scales in a bud 

 of the different kinds. Sketch the different forms of bud scales in each differ- 

 ent kind of bud, arranging the sketches to represent the number of the scales, 

 their form, and relative position on the axis, but far enough separated to 

 show the details of each. 



