CHAPTER XXX. 

 GYMNOSPERMS. 

 The White Pine. 



Exercise 57. 



299. The long shoots of the pine. — Take a branch which shows the long 

 shoots, and several whorls of branches. Note the terminal shoot ; if in early 

 summer observe the scale-like leaves borne on the long shoots. Note that 

 the branches belong to the long shoots, and that they are arranged in a whorl 

 at the end of each year's growth. (This whorl is a false one.) 



300. The short tranches. — On the long shoots note the short branches 

 ending in a tuft of long green needle-like leaves. Note the short brownish 

 scale-like leaves on the short shoots below where the needles are attached. 

 In early spring if there are any pines in the vicinity note the growth of the 

 long shoots, and the colorless scale leaves on them, and the appearance of the 

 new green leaves on the new short shoots. How long do the green leaves 

 remain on a pine ? 



Exercise 58. 



301. Mature cones. — Note the form of the cone, the scales spread apart 

 when dry. (Before the seeds are ripe the scales closely overlap.) Note the 

 arrangement of the scales in spirals. Remove a few scales. Note the seeds 

 attached to the inner lower end of the scale, unless they have split off. 



Sketch the form of a scale showing the seeds attached. Sketch a detached 

 seed, showing the wing-like appendage which splits off from the inner 

 part of the scale. 



302. Young female cones. — Note the small size as compared with the 

 mature cones. Observe that the scales have the same arrangement as in the 

 mature cones. Sketch one. If you have an opportunity to see the young 

 cones on the tree just at the time of pollination, make a note of their posi- 

 tion, and the position of the scales. Some time after pollination note the 

 position of the cones, say any time during the summer, and the position of 



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