PLOWING AND FALLOWING 195 
increased gradually until the full depth is reached, to 
avoid a succession of poor crop years while the lifeless 
soil was being vivified. The states of Utah, Mon- 
tana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Colorado, Kansas, 
Nebraska, and the provinces of Alberta and Sas- 
katchewan of Canada all specifically declared through 
one to eight representatives from each state in favor of 
deep plowing as a fundamental practice in dry-farm- 
ing. Fall plowing, wherever the climatic conditions 
make it possible, was similarly advocated by all the 
speakers. Farmers in certain localities had found the 
soil so dry in the fall that plowing was difficult, but 
Campbell insisted that even in such places it would 
be profitable to use power enough to break up the 
land before the winter season set in. Numerous 
speakers from the states of Utah, Wyoming, Montana, 
Nebraska, and a number of the Great Plains states, as 
well as from the Chinese Empire, declared themselves 
as favoring fall plowing. Scarcely a dissenting voice 
was raised. 
In the discussion of the clean summer fallow as 
a vital principle of dry-farming a slight difference of 
opinion was discovered. Jarmers from some of the 
localities insisted that the clean summer fallow every 
other year was indispensable; others that one in 
three years was sufficient; and others one in four 
years, and a few doubted the wisdom of it altogether. 
However, all the speakers agreed that clean and 
thorough cultivation should be practiced faithfully 
