1863. | Memoranda on the Peshawur Valley. 223 
posed sanatarium of) Cheraat is situated,—also on the hills traversed 
by the Kohat pass, I have never observed granitic rocks or micaceous 
schists. The greater part of these hills, in which the dip is, generally, 
westerly at a high angle, and the strike approaches north and 
south, appears to be composed of various limestones often much 
contorted, ranging from a dark-coloured very much indurated silici- 
ous variety, toa calcareous flagstone containing concretionary ferrugi- 
nous nodules, which has been used for flooring and roofing pur- 
poses. 
The spurs which extend furthest from the edge towards the centre of 
the valley, are :—one which terminates at Takht-i-Bai, near which it 
reaches a height of 700 or 800 feet above the plain, and which is main- 
ly composed of micaceous, quartzose and calcareous earthy schists ; 
and the Bara spur, (not far from the western extremity of the valley,) 
which stretches from the southern edge of the Khaiber hills to near 
Fort Bard, and the strata of which appear to dip towards the north- 
west at an angle of about 45°: this | was unable to visit, as it 
is in an “unsafe” country, and I think beyond our border. Towards 
the middle of the valley, rock-masses are but seldom found in sitt.. 
There is, however, a low rocky ridge parallel to the Cabul river oppo- 
site Nowshera which is composed of calcareous shale, and on which I 
have found worn pieces of limestone, with obscure fossil shells. 
Similar limestone fragments, with impressions of Brachiopods (?) are 
abundant in the shingle of the Jumrood plain (near which Griffith 
records fossil Pterocles* as found in arenaceous limestone,) but I 
have nowhere found any fossil zw s¢w in this district, although in 
a ridge near Campbellpore (16 miles from Attock, cis-Indus) there 
are extensive beds of limestone abounding in shells. 
There are also at various parts of the valley, horizontal beds of 
varying extent, of soft recent sandstone and conglomerate, and in 
such situations (as well as in very numerous places trans-Indus, to 
the south of the Peshawur district,) I have frequently found specimens 
of two species of shells (apparently Planorbis and Limnea). 
No kunkur occurs in the Peshawur valley. nor am I aware of its 
being found to the west of Jhelum (170 miles to the south-east), 
Most of the lime used in Peshawur appears to be brought from the 
range to the south towards Shamshatti, and besides it, the only 
* Sic. Griffith. Journals of Travels, p. 428.—Ep. 
2F 2 
