234 Memoranda on the Peshawiir Valley. [ No. 3, 
far from the fort of that name, and some of which e. g. the produce of 
Shekan village, is said to sell as high as 23 to 1} seers arupee; Maize ; 
Sorghum Vulgare; Setaria Italica; Penicillaria spreata ; Panicum 
miliacewm ; Phaseolus aconitifolius, Paureus, and P. radiatus ; Doli- 
chos, Cajanus flavus, Cicer arietinum; Portulaca ; Solanum melongena ; 
Sesamum orientale; onion; six species of Cucurbitacee ; Colocasia 
antiquorum; sugar, cotton, indigo, and tobacco. Of these only 
Maize, Setaria, Phaseolus aconitifolius, Cicer arietinum and Sesamum 
are not regularly irrigated. 
As regards irrigation generally, it may be stated that where the 
land is wholly, or nearly, dependent on rain for moisture, only one 
crop a year is obtained ; a large proportion of the land, especially of 
course that near the Cabul, Swat and Bara rivers, yields two crops ; 
while some patches near the city of Peshawur are said, with manage- 
ment, to give three crops a year. 
But little Indigo and Lawsonia are grown, and only a small quan- 
tity of Flax is cultivated for its oil-seed; Sesamum, for a similar 
purpose, is not common, almost all the “sweet” oil used, being im- 
ported from below. Elphinstone erroneously supposes most of the oil 
used to be obtained from the Castor-oil plant (dudaijeer) which, 
however, nowhere in the valley grows in sufficient quantity to 
furnish a tithe of the oil consumed. Sinapis is largely cultivated for 
its bitter (Aarwd) oil. 
There is no cultivation of Carthamus, nor I think of Hleusine or 
Paspalum, and the Poppy is very uncommon. There is no Crotalaria 
juncea, and Hibiscus cannabinus is but rarely grown along the edges 
of fields for its fibre. Ricinus and Cannabis are never cultivated, 
though both are common in waste ground. 
In low rich ground near villages, &c., where water is plentiful and 
manure easily got, a good deal of sugarcane is grown, though 
producing only a very small proportion of the sugar consumed in 
the valley. A great deal of Cotton is raised, being sown about April 
and picked in September. Tobacco is a common crop, and immense 
quantities of the dried leaf are also imported from Affghanistan, the 
Kandahari being reckoned the best. 
It is interesting to observe that among the Pushtu speaking inha- 
tants of the valley, the names of most of the common crops are the 
same as in Hindustani, A few, however, are apparently derived from 
