1863. | Memoranda on the Peshawur Valley. 235 
the Persian, ghanwm, wheat, kanzhale, Sesamum, and wasma, Indigo, 
while some others that differ much or entirely from Hindustani are 
urbushe barley (connected by Mr, Loewenthal with the words opofos 
and erbse in Greek and German,) karizah or nakrizah, Lawsonia ; 
malkhozt, Trigonella; ttpar, turnip; shole, vice; ghokht, Setaria 
Ltalica ; kalol, Panicum Miliaceum (2); mat, Phaseolus Mungo ; 
wurkharee, Portulaca ; aozhah, garlic ; and khatake, melon. 
The only crop manured on the large scale is sugarcane and 
occasionally Maize, and cultivation and irrigation are carried on 
much in the same way as in the N. W. Provinces, except that where 
the latter is performed by wells, the water is almost universally 
raised by means of the Persian wheel (arhat) instead of the leathern 
bag, (charsa). The water for irrigation is often brought from great 
distances in canals, and some of these must have cost immense labour. 
The more important of these are traditionally ascribed to “ Akbar- 
badshah,” but the traditions of the valley on this and other points 
are perhaps not always quite trustworthy. 
Horses are not extensively reared in the valley, the great supply 
being obtained from the westward, whence come many kajfilas each 
cold season. Wheel carriages are quite unknown among the inhabi- 
tants of the country parts of the valley, and all internal traffic in 
merchandise, grain, &c. is conducted by means of pack-bullocks, many 
of which are of a fine strong breed, very much superior to the ordi- 
nary kind generally used in ploughing, &c. here as elsewhere in India. 
Very large flocks of sheep and goats are reared, and the extensive 
thorny enclosures, formed (generally of dry Zizyphus bushes) for their 
protection from the night attacks of wild animals may be seen 
studded over even the driest parts of the plain at certain seasons. 
Among the more uncommon or characteristic fauna of the Pesha- 
wur district may be mentioned the following. The Mdrkhor (Capra 
megaceros) is frequent in the hills to the north-east and said to be 
found in the Khattak range. The Oortal or Kohidoomba (Ovis Vigne) 
is found in the hills to the east of the valley, (and is common in 
some of the low hills near Hussan Abdal, and southward toward 
the Salt Range.) Porcupines, in Pushti Shkinr (Hystrix cristata ?) 
occur in various parts of the district; I have found quills at 4,700 
feet above the sea (at Cheraat) but it appears very doubtful if the 
animal lives in such places, A Pangolin (Aishawr,) is by no means 
