1863. | Memoranda on the Peshawur Valley. 265 
under which Cedrus Deodara also appears to be included. The word 
shdutai (mentioned by Griffith and Irvine) is only applied to its 
resinous splinters used for torches and firewood. 
An undetermined species of Asparagus is common here, as in many 
parts of the Western Punjab ; while A. racemosus is very rare. 
Alisma reniforme occurred only in one spring, which fact may possi- 
bly be connected with the temperature of the latter, which is very 
equable, and always considerably higher than that of the air in winter 
and spring. 
Allium leptophyllum, Asphodelus fistulosus, Tulipa stellata and a 
species of Iris are all abundant in the fields in spring, when the gaudy 
flowers of the two last present a very gay appearance. 
Of Commelynum communis I only found a single plant. Zeuxine 
sulcata is not uncommon in dampish places. 
The various species of Fluviales are all abundant in most pools or 
slow running streams. 
Chamerops Ritchiana (possibly identical with C. humilis, the most 
northern and only Huropean Palm) is not got close to Peshawur 
itself where the supply has probably been completely used up—but 
very large quantities of it are brought in from places a few miles off, 
where it is gregarious and covers extensive tracts, for the manufacture 
of mats, ropes and sandals, &c. The hillmen make a tobacco pipe 
from a single segment of a leaf by twisting it up spirally ; and when 
the ends of all the segments of a leaf are tied together, it is used as 
a way-side drinking vessel. The mossy looking rete lying inside the 
base of the petiole is used as tinder for which it answers admirably. 
Though I have not seen this plant to the Hast of the Indus, and 
Dr. Fleming in his Report (in J. A. 8.) on the Salt Range, does not 
mention it as growing there, yet I am informed on good authority that 
it is found on the top of Sarkesar in that range. 
Typha angustifolia is abundant in all marshes but it is superseded 
as a material for mats, for which it is used in the N. W. Provinces, &c., 
by the Chameerops, from which a much stronger and more lasting 
article is made. ‘The seeds of the Typha are used as a binding mate- 
rial for wall plaster, and to the South of Peshawur, the leaves are 
employed ag thatch. 
Of the Peshawur grasses a large number grow in very dry situa- 
tions and of these the following are the most prominent; Aristida 
