x Archaeological Survey Report. 
announced his approaching Mirvdna. The actual spot was to the 
westward of the town, but after the announcement, Buddha with his 
cousin disciple Ananda repaired to the Kutdgdra hall, where he ad- 
dressed his followers for the last time. Kutagara, which means the 
“ upper-storied hall,” was a famous edifice situated in the J/ahdvano 
Vihdro, in which Buddha had dwelt during the 5th year of his teach- 
ing. MMahdvano Vihdro means “the Chapel Monastery of the great 
forest.” Fa-Hian speaks of “a great forest and a chapel of two 
stories ;’ but Hwen Thsang makes no allusion to the upper-storied 
hall, although, as we know from the Mdndhdtri Sutra of the Divya 
Avaddna, translated by Burnouf, the Kutdgdra Hall was situated on 
the bank of the Markata-hrada, or “ Monkey Tank.” From Hwen 
Thsang’s silence I infer that this once famous hall, which Fa-Hian 
had seen about A. D. 410, must have become ruined before A. D. 640. 
Altogether the agreement of these details is so very close that I think 
there can be little, if any, doubt that the Bakhra ruins represent the 
site of the group of sacred objects described by Hwen Thsang. Even 
the great forest can still be traced in the numerous fine groves of 
trees which surround the ruins on all sides. The name of Bakhra 
may possibly have been derived from Vak (S. Vach) “to speak,” 
from the fact that in the Awtdgdra Hall Buddha had addressed his 
disciples for the last time. 
XV.—KESARIYA. 
149. To the north north-west, distant 30 miles from Besarh, and 
somewhat less than two miles to the south of the large village of 
Kesariya, stands a lofty brick mound capped by a solid brick tower 
of considerable size. This ruin has already been brought to notice 
by Mr. B. H. Hodgson, but no description has been published, and 
in the Sketch taken by his native artist (Prinsep’s Journal, Vol. IV. 
Plate VII) the mound appears much too high for its breadth, while 
the stupa (or dagopa) on the top is made much too small. 
150. The mound of Kesariya is a ruined mass of solid brick-work, 
62 feet in height, and 1,400 feet in circumference at the base of the 
ruins. On the top of this there is a solid brick stupa, the whole 
surface of which is ruined, excepting at the base, which is still perfect 
in several places. In the most perfect part there are 15 courses of 
surface brick-work still in good order, and in two other places there 
are 10 and 11 courses perfect. From these three points | made ont 
