Ixxil Archeological Survey Report. 
scene of Buddha’s death, was famous throughout India. This sacred 
spot was visited both by Fa-Hian and by Hwen Thsang; and the 
latter has left a detailed account of the various stupas which still 
existed in his time. Most of these have now disappeared, owing 
partly to the removal of bricks by the people, but chiefly, I believe, 
to the inundations of the Little Gandak River, which at some former 
period must have flowed close by the sacred buildings of Kusinagara, 
as there are several old channels between the two principal masses of 
ruins, which are still occasionally filled during the rainy season. 
175. The existing remains have already been described by Buch- 
anan, in his Eastern India, Vol. 2, p. 8357, and by Mr. Liston in 
Prinsep’s Journal, Vol. 6, p. 477; but their accounts are very brief, 
and offer no attempt to identify the ruins with any of the ancient 
cities which are known to have existed in this part of the country. 
The remains consist of—I1st, a lofty mound of solid brick-work called 
Devisthén and Radmdbhdr Bhawdni ; 2nd, an oblong mound called the 
Fort of Mathd Kudér, which is covered with broken brick and jungle, 
and on which stands a brick stupa much ruined; 3rd, a large statue 
of Buddha the ascetic; 4th, a low square mound covered with 
broken brick near the village of Anrudhwa; and 5th, a number of 
low earthen mounds, like barrows, which are scattered over the plain 
to the north and east of the great mound. 
176. The mound called Devisthan and Rdmdbhdr Tila is the 
ruin of a large ancient stupa of solid brick-work, which is still 
49 feet in height above the fields. It is situated somewhat less 
than one mile to the south-west of Kasia. On the top, under 
a fine old Banian tree, is the shrine of the goddess Devi. There 
is neither statue nor building, but only some votive figures in 
baked clay, the offerings of the poor people to their favourite 
Devi. The goddess is also called Rdmadbhdr Bhawdni, because the 
mound is situated on the western bank of the Rdmdbhdr Jhil, a large 
natural sheet of water, which forms part of the bed of the Roha 
Néla, one of the old channels of the Little Gandak. As the mound is 
also called Ramabhar Tila, it is possible that the name may have 
originally belonged tothe stupa. 1 attempted to make an excavation 
at the top of the mound, but the large interlaced roots of the Banian 
tree soon forced me to give up the work. At the south-eastern foot 
of the mountd I discovered a portion of a small stupa formed of very 
