354 CHAKACTEES OP PIBANGA ESTIVA COOPEEI 



Red Bird, Carver, Trav. ed. of 1796, 315. 

 Fyranga rouge, T. 1. e.—DOrb. 1. o. 

 Hlsslsslpimerle, Brehm, 1. c. 

 Tangara Termlllon, Le Koine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 380. 



Hab.— Eastern Province of the United States. West only to Kansas, the 

 Indian Territory, and Texas, being replaced beyond by var. cooperi. North 

 regularly to the Connecticut Valley {lAnsley, Merriam), casually to Massa- 

 chusetts (Jillson, as quoted by various authors), and even Nova Scotia (auct. 

 Eidgway, spec, in Nat. Mna). Cuba. Jamaica. Eastern Mexico. Central 

 America, and South America to Ecuador and Pern. Breeds throughout its 

 United States range. Winters wholly extralimital. 



6. cooperi 

 Pyranga festiva, ? Woodh. Eep. Zafli K. 1853, 82 (probaUy, in part at least).—? Henry, Pr. 



Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 312 (New Mexico) ; xi. 1859, 106 (Neir Mexico).— Oooj). Pr. Cal. 



Acad. 1861, 162 (Arizona).— Ctoues, Ibis, 2d ser. L 1865, 159 (Sew Mexico).— Ones, Pr. 



Cal. Acad, xviii. 1866, 71 (Arizona, in part). 

 Pyranga hepatlca, Oouee, Pr. Phila. Acad, xvili. 1866, 71 (excl. syns. In part. Intended 



for true hepatica, but wrongly inclades the type-apecimena of var. cooperi). 

 Pyranga cooperi, Eidgw. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 130, fig. (New Mexico and Southern 



Eocky Mountains).- Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 142. 

 Plranga cooperi, Qray, Haudlist, ii. 1870, 61, n. 6847. 

 Pyranga sestira var. cooperil, Coues, Key, 1872, liL fig. S2 li. 

 Pyranga iestlya b. cooperi, Couea, BNW. 1874, 82. 

 Pyranga xstira var. cooperi, B. B. <t B. NAB. i. 1874, 444, pi. 20, f. 1, 2.—Hensh. Eep. Orn. 



Specs. 1874, 60 (Colorado) ; 108 (Arizona).— ffnwA. List B. Ariz. 1875, 151.— Hensh. 



Zool. ExpL W. 100 Merid. " 1875 " = 1876, 239, pis. 2 (d') and 3(9). 



Hab. — Southern portion of the Middle Province of the United States, and 

 southward through Western Mexico. 



Ch. sp. — S Rubra, dorso aliquanfulum obscuriore, remigibus 

 intus fuscis. 9 Flavo-olivaeea, subtus ochraceo-flava, remigibus 

 intus fusois. f, 9 Major P. cestivd, rostro rohustiore, alis cauda- 

 que longioribus. 



<J , adult : Red, more rosy or more vermilion according to age, season, or 

 vigor, paler below than above, the back rather darker than the head. Tail- 

 feathers about like the back. Inner webs of the wing-qnills and ends of 

 the longer ones fuscous. Eather larger than typical cestiva, the wings and 

 tail longer, the bill rather larger and inclining to be of a darker color. 

 Length, 8-8i; extent, 13-13i ; wing about 4; tail about 3f ; bill, J-|; 

 tarsus, f . 



9 , adult : Yellowish-olive above, bufly-yellow below ; tail nearly like the 

 back ; wings fuscous, edged with the color of the back. Eather less than 

 the male. 



The young male resembles the female. Males changing are irregularly 

 patched with the colors of the two sexes. 



This form is extremely near true (estiva, and some of the diagnoses which 

 have been prepared seem to rather force the distinguishing marks. These 

 consist in the rather superior size, seen chiefly in the dimensions of length 

 and extent, the tail being on an average abont half an inch longer than that 

 of P. ceattva, and the wing differing not quite so much. The bill is rather 

 larger, and especially longer, nearly or quite equalling the length of the 

 tarsus, instead of decidedly less. Specimens from Texas and Middle Mexico 

 are conceded to be intermediate. 



