CHARACTERS OP LANIU8 BOREALIS 559 



CoUnriO borcalls, Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, iiO.—Ooues, Pt. Ess. lust. v. 1868, 217.— Coop. B. Cal. 

 i. 1870, 137.— Ooites, Key, 1872, 125, f. 13.— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soo. xv. 1872, 198 (Colo- 

 rado).— Jfayn. Pr.Bost.Soo. xiv. 1872, 370.~Bid5'M). Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 181 (Colo- 

 rado).— iJidjjw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 609.— ilferr. TJ. S. Geol. Snrv. for 1872, 1873,677.— 

 Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1873, 235.— Ooues, BNW. 1874, 101.— B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 

 415, pL 19, f.l, 9.— rarr. ti Hemh.'Blep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 13.— Bensh. ibid. 1874, 43.— 

 Hensh. ListB. Ariz. 1875, 151.— Bensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 233. — Gentry, 

 Life-Hist. 1876, 234.— iftnof, BNE. 1877, 161.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. xvii. 1875, 440. 



Lanius septentrionalls, Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. T. ii. 1836, 72, 438 (not Gmelin's bird of that 

 name, whicb is not identified).— ilp. C(}L. 1838, 26.— ffam6. Journ. PMla. Acad. i. 

 1847, 44 (California).- eam6. Pr. Phila. Aoad. 1847, 44 (California).— P«a5. Eep. Orn. 

 Mass. 1839, 291.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 363.— Bp. Eev. Mag. Zool. 1853, i9i.—Read, Pr. Phila. 

 Acad. 1853, 397 (Ohio).- Cogs. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, 213.— 27iee!. Pr. Bost. Soo. vi. 1857, 

 Wi.— Murray, Edinb. N. Philos. Joam. xi. 1859, 223. 



Collyrlo ctaemungenslB) Qregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. i. 1870, — (p. 9 of reprint). 



Great Butcher Shrike, White Wbisl£iJohn, Foret. 1. c. 



Great Shrike, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 238, n. 127 (in part j but also includes L. cscmUtor). 



Ple-griechc bor^aie, Y. 1. o. 



Grand Ecorcheur, Le Maine, Oin. Canad. 1861, 222. 



Great American Shrike, Northern Shrike, Butcher-bird, Authors. 



Hab.— North America, northerly ; south in winter to about 35°. Allegha- 

 nies, breeding {TurtibulV). Bermudas {Jones). 



Oh. sp. — $ $ CcBruleo-canus,fronte, strigd superciliari, scapu- 

 laribus tectricibusque caudalibus superioribus albicantibus ; infrd, 

 albus, fusco transversim undulatus; alls cauddque nigris albo- 

 notatis; vittd transoculari nigrd. 



S 9 , adult : Upper parts clear bluish-ash, bleaching on the ends of the 

 scapulars and on the upper tail-coverts. Below white, more or less vermi- 

 cnlated with fine, wavy, transverse, dusky lines. A black bar from the base* 

 of the upper mandible past the eye to the ends of the auriculars, not meeting 

 its fellow on the forehead, and not enclosing the eye ; this stripe bordered 

 above with hoary white, which extends across the extreme forehead ; lower 

 eye-lid white. Wings black, many or most of the quills tipped with whitish, 

 and a large white spot at the base of the primaries. Tail black, the outer 

 feather with its outer web and half or more of the inner web white, the 

 next three or four white at the end for successively decreasing distances. 

 Bill and feet plumbeous-black ; .eye blackish. Length, about 10 inches ; 

 extent, 144; wing, 5i; tail rather more; bill, f ; tarsus, 1 or less; middle 

 toe and claw, f. 



Young: The colors much less pure and clear. Above grayish-brown, 

 scarcely or not whitening on the scapulars, tail-coverts, and forehead. The 

 younger the browner, sometimes almost with a rusty tinge; grayer accord- 

 ing to age. Below brownish-white (the younger the browner), the wavy 

 dark markings stronger than i n the adult. The bar along the head poorly 

 defined, merely dusky, or quite obsolete. Wings and tail brownish-black, 

 with leas white than in the adult. Bill plumbeous-brown, flesh-colored at 

 base below. 



At a very early age, the upper parts are probably vermiculated somewhat 

 like the lower, as in the same stage of L. ludovioianua ; but this state I have 

 not observed. In old age, the dusky vermiculation of the under parts is 



