SYNONYMY OF LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS 561 



sionally in mountainous districts from the Middle States north- 

 ward ; and I make no sort of doubt that it will also be found 

 to breed in various of the mountain ranges of the West. In 

 narrating an instance of its nesting on the last of April on a 

 low spruce-tree in New Brunswick, within twelve miles of 

 St. Stephen, Dr. Brewer is certainly mistaken in asserting 

 that " we know of a single recent instance in which this bird 

 has bred within the limits of the United States" If the 

 testimony of competent observers is to go for anything, its 

 nesting in mountainous parts of our country is a regular occur- 

 rence. Thus, "many nestle on the mountain ridges of the 

 AUeghanies," says the Eev. Dr. Turnbull (1869). Mr. Minot 

 also states, without qualification, that " they breed in the forests 

 of Northern Maine ", and such is unquestionably the fact. 



The Common American Shrike 



liBiilns IndoTlclanns excabltorldes 



a, ludovici(mua 



lanlas IndOTlclanns, BHbb. Orn. ii. 1760, 162, pL 15, f. 2 (" LooisiaDa " ; descr. orig.).— Ij. 

 SN. i. 1766, 134, n. 6 (based on Brias. ii. 162, pi. 15, f. 8).— ffm. SN. i. 1788, 298, n. 6 (in part 

 only ; Bame primary basis, but also quotes PE. 397. Not to be confounded with Gmelin, 



p. 309, n. 138, whioli is Tyrannus).—Lath. 10. i. 1790, 69, n. 8 (in part) Turt. SN. i. 



1806, 174 (= Gm.).—Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 26, 12.—Aud. OB. i. 1831, 300, pL 37.— 

 Bp. CGL. 1838, m.—Aud. BA. iv. 1842, 135, pi. 237.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, S63.— Burnett, 

 Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Gerlutrdt, Nanm. iii. 1853, 38.— Bp. Eev. Mag. Zool. 1853, 

 295.-0. L. Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, 145, 148 (monographic).- (Jandi. J. f. O. 1855, 469 

 (Cuba[!1?i cf.J. t. O. 1861, 404]).— iTemnw. Tr. Dlinois Agric Soc. i.l855, 582 (lUi- 

 nois).— P«(n. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 228 (attributed at second-hand to Massachusetts).— 

 Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, 213 (monographic).— JBIond, Eep. Smiths. Inst, for 1858, 

 1859, 287 (Bermuda).— Z)res8. <* Sharpe, PZS. 1870, 595 (monographic ; includes exmbi- 

 torides). 



CoUyrlo Indovlcianns, Bd. BNA. 1858, 325.-,Tayl. Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida).- e«Jn«j/, Am. 

 Nat. iii. 1869, 159. 



OoUurio ludovlclanns, BiJ. Eev. AB. 1866, 443.— Co«es, Pr. Bost. Soc. xil. 1868, 112 (South 

 Carolina ; habits).— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 579, 580 ; vi. 1872, 266.— Pwdw, Am. Nat. 

 vii. 1873, 115 (Massachusetts, typical- see Bull. Nutt. Clnb. ii. 1877, 21). — Bidgw. Am. 

 Nat. vii. 1873, 609.— Jlferr. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 8, ff!.— Wheat, apud Oams, BN W. 1874, 

 233.— B. B. d: B. NAB. 1. 1874, 418, pi. 19, f. i.—Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvil. 1875, 441 (New 

 England).— Jferr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 34 (tJonnecticut).— ia?ig<J. List B. Cin- 

 cinnati, 1877, 8 (Ohio).— J.2^, Boll. Ess. Inst. x. 1878, 15 (Massachusetts ; three authen- 

 tic instances). 



Lanlns garrulns, Bartr. Tray. Fla. 1791, p. 289 We (Florida). 



Lanlns ardoslacus, FieiJI. OAS. i. 1807, 81, pi. 51. 



Lanlus ardosiaceus, y. Enoy. M6th. Ii. 1823, 729, n. 8. 



Lanlns ardeslacens, 9Bp. PZS. 1837, 112. 



Lanlns caroUnensiS, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 57, pi. 22, f. 5.—Bp. Joum. Phila. Acad. iii. 1824, 

 358; iv. 1824, mi.— Lees. Tr. Orn. 1831, 373 (= WUs.).— flartt. Naum. ii. 1852, 52 

 (Cuba[n»]). 



Ple-grlesctae de la Lonlslane, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 162, n. 8, pi. 13, n. 2. 



Lonlslane Shrike, Lath. Syn. i. pt. i 1781, 162, n. 5 (based on Briss. & Linn. ; esc. the 

 ref. to PE. 397). 



36 B 



