BPONOIIDA. 371 



a. Papers, describing about 70 species from Ceylon, by Carter 

 (' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' ser. 5, vol. vi. pp. 35, 

 129, -viii. p. 361, xi. p. 853); one by Ehlers (Die Espersohen 

 Spongien &c.), redescribing 4 species from Ceylon and South India; 

 and one by Bowerbank, describing a few from Ceylon (Proceedings 

 of the Zoological Society of London, 1873, p. 25). 



b. A paper, describing 4 or 5 species from Mauritius, by Carter 

 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. iii. pp. 284, 343). 



c. Descriptions of 3 species from the Red Sea, by Carter {torn, 

 cit. p. 298) and Bowerbank (Proc. Zool. See. 1872, p. 630). 



d. Papers by Bowerbank, describing 17 species from the Straits 

 of Malacca (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 325 ; 1875, p. 281). 



e. A paper by the same author, describing 3 species from th« 

 north of New Guinea {op. cit. 1877, p, 456). 



/. A paper by Carter (Philosoph. Transactions Eoyal Society, 

 vol. 1 68. p. 286), describing 8 species from Kerguelen Island. 



The Calcarea of this region have received considerable attention 

 from Prof. Hackel in his famous monograph ; and a pupil of his 

 (Sohuffiier) has described (Jenaische Zeitseh. 1878) some species 

 collected at Mauritius. The ' Challenger ' collection (Z. c. p. 366) pro- 

 duced 6 species from the Indian Ocean. 



' I propose here only to notice some of the most salient facts of the 

 distribution, the known distribution of the species being given below 

 under each. 



Of the 110 species described below, only 27 species (25 per cent.) 

 are known with certainty to occur outside the Australian seas. 

 Of these : — 



a. One, Leucetta prirnigenia, is almost cosmopolitan. 



6. Four, viz. Reniera indistineta, Gdlius couchi, Si4herites carnosus, 

 Hymeniacidon caruncula, occur in the British seas. 



c. Five, viz. Eiispongia officinalis, Oacospongia mollior, Reniera 

 aqaceduetus, Tedania digitata, OeTlius fihulatus, occur in the Mediter- 

 ranean, the last also on the Portuguese coast. 



d. Three, viz. Oladoehcdina armigera, Acervochalina finitima, Te- 

 dania digitata, in the West Indies. 



e. One, viz. Gladochalina pergamentacea, near the Brazilian coast. 

 /. One, viz. SipTionochalina tubulosa, is known from the Cape of 



Good Hope. 



g. Three, viz. Tuhvlodigitus communis, Spirastrella vagahunda, 

 Cfeodia globostellifera, from Ceylon ; the first aMo from Kurrachee. 



h. Fourteen (comprising 4 Ceratosa, 1 or 2 each of Calcarea, 

 TetractineUida, and of each family of the MonaotineUida except the 

 Suberitidse) from the tropical parts of the Western Indian Ocean 

 (see Part II. of this Eeport). 



i. Six, viz. Toacochalina folioides, Gellius couchi, G. varius, Rhi- 

 zochalina singaporensis, Iotroch.otapurpurea,Clathriafrondifera, from 

 the Straits of Malacca. 



j. One, viz. Toxoehalina folioides, from New Guinea. 



It should be noticed that the most widely ranging forms belong 

 in most cases to very generalized types, such as might be expected to 

 possess considerable antiquity, and hence a wide distribution. Another 



2b2 



