54 POEEST PLANTIlfG. 



recommend the following mixture of the principal 

 forest trees : 



1. — Oaks with Ashes, Hickories and Chestnuts. 



2. — Oaks with Spruces and "Walnuts. 



3. — Oaks with Pines and Spruces. 



4. — Oaks with Beeches and Spruces. 



5. — Larch with Pines and Oaks. 



6. — Black Walnut with Maples and Beeches. 



7. — Beeches with Maples, Elms and Ash. 



8. — Black Ash with Alders and Beeches in swampy 

 grounds. 



9. — White Pine with Beeches and common Pines. 



10. — Scotch Pine with Spruce and Fir. 



11. — Locust, Ashes and Catalpa. 



In our natural forests we find Birches scattered all over 

 among groves of the various kinds of forest trees. How- 

 ever, we would not advise to mix this tree with other val- 

 uable ones, as the Birch, owing to the whipping property 

 of its branches, injures, more or less, the young twigs and 

 buds of the neighboring trees. Only to very poor soil 

 and where no other trees but the Pine (on dry ground) 

 and the Alder (on swampy ground) grow, we should assign 

 the Birch. 



CHAPTER XI. 



THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT. 



Wooded countries are unable to support a large popu- 

 lation, as there is not mnch of the area left for raising 

 the required grain, fruits, vegetables, etc. Therefore, in- 

 creased population regularly diminishes the country's 

 wooded area, increasing at the same time, the demands 

 made upon the forest vegetation. Besides this, there are 



