326 THE PLACE OF MIMICRY 



great difficulty. I have here provisionally retained them 

 in the position originally assigned in The Colours of 

 Animals. The 'tussocks' of hair, themselves providing 

 distasteful qualities, will probably always be looked upon 

 as a form of Aposeme. On the other hand, as my friend 

 Mr. Marshall has pointed out to me, deception and not 

 unpalatability is the essential element in the protection 

 generally afforded by eye-spots, and, when this is the 

 case, they should be regarded as a form of Pseudoseme, 

 and probably of Pseudepiseme. Huge, terrifying, eye-like 

 marks, such as those of the Brassolinae, fall into their 

 place beside the more perfect and specialized Pseud- 

 aposemes of certain snake-like larvae (see p. 367). Mr. 

 Marshall observes that there is a marked absence of eye- 

 spots in the great distasteful groups of butterflies, the 

 Ithomiinae, Danainae, Heliconinae, and Acraeinae. On 

 the other hand they form a most characteristic Apose- 

 matic feature in the much-mimicked Morphine (Amathu- 

 siine) genus Tenaris, and are often found in Papilios 

 with a conspicuous pattern on the under surface. 



1 2. The Seasonal Development of Directive Marks. — 

 It has been explained on pp. 2 10- 11 that the eye-spots 

 developed, especially on the under surface of the wings, 

 in the wet season broods of many Satyrinae and certain 

 Nymphalinae are probably adapted to meet the kind of 

 attack which is chiefly made at this time of plenty, and 

 that such markings would be too great a danger in the 

 stress of the dry season ; furthermore, that the eye-spots 

 are a defence during times of activity, but would be the 

 reverse in the longer periods of repose of the dry season. 

 It was the recognition of the same phenomena in such 

 distantly related butterflies as Satyrinae and Nymphal- 

 inae that impelled the present writer to seek an inter- 

 pretation in conditions of life which are common to the 

 two groups. 1 



1 Ann. Soc. Ent., France, vol. lxxii, 1903, p. 407. 



